Prelims-Pinpointer-for-27-oct-2025

Prelims

Red Corner Notice

Context: Red Corner Notice to be issued against Shariq Sata, alleged conspirator behind Sambhal communal violence where four people died during mosque survey clashes. SP Krishan Kumar Bishnoi coordinating with CBI and Interpol to issue notice ensuring Sata’s arrest at earliest through international cooperation mechanisms.

About Red Corner Notice (RN)

• Red Corner Notice (Red Notice) is request to global law enforcement locating fugitives.
• Alerts police forces worldwide about internationally wanted fugitives evading justice across borders.
• Information Contained in RN
  • Contains identifying information: name, date of birth, nationality, physical attributes like hair/eye color.
  • Includes pictures and biometric information for accurate identification of wanted fugitive internationally.
  • Provides information about crimes for which the fugitive is wanted by requesting country.
• Issuance Process
  • Interpol issues RN at the request of any member country seeking fugitive’s arrest.
  • Requesting country need not be fugitive’s home country; acts where alleged crime committed.
  • International Criminal Courts and Tribunals can also raise RN requests against wanted individuals.
• Legal Nature and Limitations
  • Not an international arrest warrant; requests provisional arrest pending extradition or legal action.
  • Interpol cannot compel law enforcement authorities in member countries to arrest RN subjects.
  • Each member country determines the legal value and enforcement priority given to RN.

Coffee Cultivation

Coffee Cultivation

• Growing Conditions
  • Coffee is tropical plant grown under shady trees on hill slopes generally.
  • Cultivated at elevations between 600 to 1,600 metres above sea level ideally.
  • World’s coffee comprises two main species: Coffea Arabica (Arabica) and Coffea Canephora (Robusta).
• Distribution in India
  • Cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha states primarily.
  • Karnataka produces over 70% of India’s total coffee output dominating national production.
• Required Climatic Conditions
  • Requires hot and humid climate for optimal growth and cultivation success.
  • Temperature range: 15°C to 28°C essential for coffee plant development.
  • Rainfall requirement: 150 to 250 cm annually for proper plant growth.
  • Well-drained loamy soil with good humus, iron, calcium content ideal for cultivation.
  • Dry weather necessary during berry ripening period for quality coffee production.

Coffee Board of India

• Constitutional Framework
  • Statutory organization constituted under Section 4 of Coffee Act, 1942.
  • Board comprises 33 members representing all coffee industry sectors appointed by government.
  • Members hold office for three-year period; 32 members appointed per Coffee Rules, 1955.
• Functions and Administration
  • Focuses on research, extension, development, market intelligence, promotion, welfare measures for coffee sector.
  • Functions under Ministry of Commerce and Industry administrative control and supervision.
  • Head office located in Bangalore, Karnataka coordinating all coffee-related activities nationwide.

e-Courts

Context: United Kingdom shows interest in India’s e-Courts project for digitizing court records.

More in News:

• E-Courts project’s Phase-III aims to digitize 3,108 crore documents and migrate system to cloud technology costing ₹1,205.20 crore.
• UK delegation will interact with Union Law Ministry officials and Supreme Court e-committee members overseeing ambitious judicial digitization initiative nationwide.
• Project seeks to establish 1,150 virtual courts with ₹413.08 crore investment, expanding scope for digital hearing infrastructure across subordinate judiciary in India.
• E-committee governs project conceptualized under National Policy 2005 

eCourts Project

• Origin and Launch
  • Conceptualized in 2005 by eCommittee for implementing Information and Communication Technology in Indian judicial system comprehensively.
  • Launched in 2007 under Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice.
• Objectives
  • Digitize judiciary for enhanced judicial productivity and efficiency in court operations.
  • Ensure cost-effective, predictable, reliable access to justice for all citizens nationwide.
  • Automate processes and enable transparency for all stakeholders in judicial system.
• Implementation
  • High Courts of respective jurisdictions serve as implementing agencies for the project.
• Phases of Implementation
  • Phase I (2007-2015)
    • Basic computerization, internet connectivity established in courts across India systematically.
    • Case Information Systems established for tracking and managing court cases digitally.
  • Phase II (2015-2023)
    • ICT enablement, video conferencing facilities installed in courts for remote hearings.
    • Citizen-centric services: e-payment gateways, certified online documents introduced for public convenience.
  • Phase III (2023-2027)
    • Focus on digital and paperless courts eliminating physical documentation requirements completely.
    • Digitization of legacy records, expansion of video conferencing to hospitals and jails.
• Key Features
  • Citizen-centric services: online certified copies, e-filing, e-payment gateways for easy access.
  • Infrastructure development: hardware installation, LAN, video conferencing facilities in courts nationwide.
  • National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) provides real-time case statistics for transparency.
  • Capacity building: training for judicial officers and staff in digital tools.
  • Process re-engineering: improved court procedures enhancing efficiency and reducing delays.
  • Cloud computing architecture ensures cost-effectiveness and seamless data management across courts.

Janjatiya Gaurav Divas

About

• Janjatiya Gaurav Divas dedicated to memory of brave tribal freedom fighters’ sacrifices.
• Aims to educate coming generations about tribal communities’ contributions to India’s independence.

Significance of Date

• Celebrated on November 15, the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda revered as Bhagwan.
• Birsa Munda fought against exploitative British colonial system, spearheaded revolutionary movements courageously.
• Gave call for ‘Ulgulan’ (Revolution) against British oppression inspiring tribal resistance nationwide.

Tribal Contribution to Freedom Struggle

• Tribal communities strengthened India’s freedom struggle through several movements across regions.
• Santhals, Tamars, Kols, Bhils, Khasis, Mizos among prominent tribal communities fighting for independence.

Objectives

• Acknowledges glorious history and cultural heritage of tribal communities in India’s development.
• Celebrated annually recognizing tribal efforts for cultural heritage preservation and promotion.
• Promotes Indian values of valour, hospitality, and national pride among citizens.

PM JANMAN

About

• Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) launched in 2023 for PVTG welfare.
• Launched on Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas ensuring last-mile welfare scheme delivery and protection.

Target Beneficiaries

• 75 PVTG communities located in 18 states and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
• PVTGs face vulnerability in social, economic, education sectors requiring targeted interventions.

Mission Structure

• Focuses on 11 critical interventions through 9 line Ministries uplifting tribal communities.
• Ministry of Tribal Affairs acts as nodal Ministry coordinating implementation efforts.

11 Key Interventions

• Housing: Provision of pucca houses for PVTG families ensuring permanent shelter.
• Infrastructure: Connecting roads, piped water supply, community water supply for basic amenities.
• Healthcare: Mobile medical units with medicine cost coverage for accessible healthcare services.
• Education: Construction of hostels, vocational education centres, anganwadi centres for skill development.
• Community facilities: Multipurpose centres (MPCs) for social and administrative activities.
• Energy: Household energization (last-mile connectivity), solar lighting in streets and MPCs.
• Livelihood: Setting up Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs) for economic empowerment.
• Connectivity: Installation of mobile towers ensuring digital connectivity in remote areas.

Funding and Implementation

• Implemented as Centrally Sponsored Schemes in partnership with State Governments/UT Administrations.
• Also includes Central Sector Schemes through line Ministries/Departments for comprehensive coverage.

Aadi KARMAYOGI

About the Mission

• Aadi KARMAYOGI is National Mission for Responsive Governance building tribal grassroots leadership.
• Aims to build cadre of 20 lakh tribal grassroots functionaries and village-level change leaders.
• Drives inclusive development and strengthens last-mile service delivery in tribal areas nationwide.
• Aligns with PM JANMAN and Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DAJGUA) for convergence.
• Emphasizes convergence, community involvement, capability enhancement for effective tribal development outcomes.

Key Objectives

• Build local leadership: Develop State Master Trainers (SMTs), District Master Trainers (DMTs), Block-level trainers.
• Strengthen last-mile delivery: Enhance service delivery and tribal welfare scheme implementation remotely.
• Promote community-centric governance: Empower tribal communities with dignity, empathy, and purpose-driven approach.

Implementation Strategy

• SMTs from five southern states (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) trained at RPL Bengaluru.
• Trainers lead State Process Labs (SPLs) which subsequently train District Master Trainers systematically.
• Involves civil society organizations encouraging participatory learning fitting local contexts for sustainability.
• Supports ongoing learning and leadership development ensuring continuous capacity building among functionaries.

Governance Framework

• Supports responsive governance through local-level planning and quick grievance redressal mechanisms effectively.
• Ensures joint implementation bringing together Tribal Affairs, Rural Development, Women and Child Development departments.
• Includes Jal Shakti, Education, Forests departments for comprehensive tribal development and welfare coordination.

Darfur Region

Location and Geography

• Darfur is a region in western Sudan covering significant territorial expanse.
• Located between Kordofan (east) and Wadai (west) defining its geographical boundaries clearly.
• Extends southward to Al-Ghazāl (Gazelle) River, northward to Libyan Desert demarcating limits.
• Covers approximately 440,000 sq.km consisting of immense rolling plains predominantly.
• Volcanic highlands of Marrah Mountains dominate the central part of this plain region.

Historical Background

• Darfur was independent sultanate until its annexation by Sudan in 1916.
• Name “Darfur” derived from “dar fur” meaning “the land of the Fur” in Arabic.