Why in News: President’s Rule extended in Manipur amid ongoing ethnic conflict and fragile peace between communities. Violence has reduced but deep divisions remain, needing political reconciliation.
Current Situation in Manipur
- The BJP government led by N. Biren Singh resigned, leading to a fragile calm.
- Crackdowns on militant groups have reduced violence.
- Some displaced families since May 2023 have started returning.
- However, deep ethnic schisms remain unaddressed.
Historical and socio-political factors contributing to the Manipur crisis:
Historical Factors
- Colonial Legacy: Manipur became a princely state in 1891 after the Anglo-Manipur War. British “divide and rule” policies deepened rifts between Meiteis (valley) and hill tribes (Kukis, Nagas).
- Forced Merger with India (1949): The merger was done without adequate local consultation, causing long-term ethnic resentment.
- Insurgency & AFSPA: Rise of insurgent groups from the 1960s led to prolonged violence. AFSPA (1980) militarized the region, leading to human rights concerns.
Socio-Political Factors
- Ethnic Identity & Land Rights: Meitei demand for ST status alarmed hill tribes over land and legal protections.
- Perceived Government Bias: Central policies, like ending the SoO agreement with Kuki groups, triggered tensions.
- Economic Disparities: Hill regions remain underdeveloped compared to the Meitei-dominated valley.
- Drug Trade & Crime: Proximity to the Golden Triangle fuels drug trafficking and criminal activities.
Steps to normalize the situation in Manipur:
1. Rehabilitation of Victims
- Identify and support displaced persons.
- Involve civil society to ensure dignity and belonging.
2. Disarmament of Civilians
- Collect illegal arms from all communities to prevent further violence.
3. Curb Fake News
- Monitor and counter misinformation; ensure unbiased media reporting.
4. Inclusive Dialogue
- Engage all ethnic groups in talks.
- Use models like the Mizoram Accord (1986) for inspiration.
5. Transparency & Legal Fairness
- Ensure unbiased law enforcement to rebuild public trust.
6. Review of ST Status Criteria
- Reassess community classification using expert guidelines like the Lokur Committee (1965).
7. One District One Force (ODOF)
- Assign one force per district to ensure clear accountability and better coordination.
Conclusion:
A peaceful Manipur depends on committed political actors willing to transcend ethnic divisions. Genuine healing requires political will, dialogue, and inclusive reconciliation efforts.
UPSC RELEVANCE
GS Paper II – Governance, Polity, Social Justice
- Issues related to federal structure and centre-state relations.
GS Paper III – Internal Security
- Challenges to internal security through communalism, extremism.
Mains practice question:
Q. “The ongoing crisis in Manipur reveals the limitations of force and the need for inclusive governance.” Discuss measures needed to restore peace and normalcy. (15 marks)