Q. Discuss the factor that led to the rapid surge in Modern nationalism between 1885-1905 and the role and contribution of moderates in this phase (10 Marks, 150 Words and 7 min)

Approach: 

• Introduction: Brief overview of the rise of nationalism in India
• Body: 
  • Factors leading to the surge in nationalism 
  • Role and contributions of moderates
• Conclusion: Summarise the impact of this period on Indian nationalism

Model Answer: 

Introduction : The period between 1885 and 1905 witnessed a significant surge in modern Indian nationalism, driven by various political, economic, social, and cultural factors.

Factor that led to the rapid surge in Modern nationalism between 1885-1905:

• Founding of the Indian National Congress (1885): Provided the first organised platform for Indian political demands and unified diverse regional leaders.
• Economic Exploitation: Growing awareness of the 'drain of wealth', discriminatory economic policies, and de-industrialization fueled economic nationalism.
• Political and Administrative Factors: Lack of Indian representation in higher positions, repressive legislation, and events like the Ilbert Bill Controversy highlighted racial discrimination.
• Impact of Western Education: Spread of liberal ideas and exposure to concepts of liberty, equality, and democracy among the educated Indian middle class.
• Role of Press and Literature: Growth of Indian-owned newspapers and nationalist literature rekindled pride in Indian culture and spread awareness.
• Religious and Social Reform Movements: Activities of groups like Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj reinterpreted Indian traditions in a nationalist light.
• International Influences: Events like Japan's victory over Russia in 1905 challenged notions of Western superiority and inspired Indian nationalists.
• Reactionary Policies of Lord Curzon: Actions like the Partition of Bengal in 1905 catalysed widespread nationalist protests and unity.

Contribution of Moderates Nationalist in this phase: 

• Organisational Foundation: Established the Indian National Congress (1885), creating the first organised platform for Indian political demands.
• Constitutional Advocacy: Employed peaceful and constitutional methods like petitions and delegations to push for reforms within the British framework.
• Economic Critique: Exposed British economic exploitation, notably through Dadabhai Naoroji's "Drain of Wealth" theory, fostering economic nationalism.
• Political Awareness: Raised political consciousness among educated Indians through press, public meetings, and scholarly works.
• Civil Rights Campaign: Fought against racial discrimination and advocated for Indian representation in civil services and legislative councils.
• Social Reform: Supported progressive social changes like women's education, widow remarriage, and the abolition of caste discrimination.
• Intellectual Contributions: Developed nationalist literature and historical works that inspired future generations and articulated India's case.
• International Outreach: Presented India's situation in British and international forums, including achieving representation in the British Parliament.

Conclusion: The period from 1885 to 1905 was crucial in shaping modern Indian nationalism, with the moderates playing a pivotal role in creating a national political consciousness and laying the foundation for future independence movements.