Current Affairs July -

July

16th FINANCE COMMISSION

Syllabus : GS2/Governance

Why in news : The 16th Finance Commission chaired by Dr. Arvind Panagariya has begun its work.

About the 16th Finance Commission:

The Government of India, with the approval of the President of India, has constituted the Sixteenth Finance Commission, in pursuance to Article 280(1) of the Constitution.
It Focuses on devolution of the consolidated fund to states and local bodies.

What are the major terms of reference for 16th Finance Commission?

Division of Tax Proceeds: Recommending the distribution of taxes between the Union Government and the States under Chapter I, Part XII of the Constitution.
- This includes the allocation of shares among the States From these tax proceeds.
Establishing the principles governing grants-in-aid to the States from the Consolidated Fund of India.
- This encompasses determining the amounts to be provided to the States as grants-in-aid, specifically under Article 275 of the Constitution, for purposes beyond those outlined in the provisos to clause (1) of that article.
Enhancing State Funds for Local Bodies: Identifying measures to enhance the Consolidated Fund of a State.
- This is aimed at supplementing the resources available to Panchayats and Municipalities within the State, based on recommendations made by the State’s own Finance Commission.
Evaluation of Disaster Management Financing: The Commission may review the current financing structures related to Disaster Management initiatives.
- This involves examining the funds created under the Disaster Management Act, 2005 and presenting suitable recommendations for improvements or alterations.

Criteria for Devolution:

Criteria	14^th FC (2015-20)	15^th FC (2020-21)	16^th FC (2021-26)
Income Distance	50.0	45.0	45.0
Area	15.0	15.0	15.0
Population (1971)	17.5	–	–
Population (2011)#	10.0	15.0	15.0
Demographic Performance	–	12.5	12.5
Forest Cover	7.5	–	–
Forest and Ecology	–	10.0	10.0
Tax and fiscal efforts*	–	2.5	2.5
Total	100	100	100

What is the Finance Commission?About:The Finance Commission in India is a constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution.Its primary function is to recommend the distribution of financial resources between the central government and the state governments.The Fifteenth Finance Commission was constituted on 27^th November, 2017. It made recommendations covering the period of six years commencing on 1st April, 2020through its Interim and Final Reports.The recommendations of the Fifteenth Finance Commission are valid up to the financial year 2025-26

CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY

Syllabus : GS2/Polity

Why in news : While addressing the conference of the National Judicial Academy, CJI touched on the issue of “constitutional morality” that paves the way for conditions that respect diversity, promote inclusion and pursue tolerance.

About Constitutional Morality:

Constitutional morality entails the adherence to constitutional norms within a democratic system.
It goes beyond the literal interpretation to encompass a commitment to values such as sovereignty, social justice, and equality in constitutional adjudication.
The term was first coined by British historian George Grote in his twelve-volume work, A History of Greece.
In essence, constitutional morality embodies the balance between freedom and restraint.
- That is, citizens submit to constitutional authorities and, at the same time, have the freedom to criticize those in power.

Constitutional Morality in Indian Constitution:

Though the term constitutional morality is not explicitly used in the Indian Constitution, it is deeply embedded in several of its sections:
- Preamble: It outlines the principles that underpin our democracy, including justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
- Fundamental Rights: It safeguards individuals’ rights against the arbitrary use of state power. Notably, the Supreme Court allows for the enforcement of these rights under Article 32.
- Directive Principles: They provide guidelines for the state to pursue the goals set by the constitution’s framers, drawing from Gandhian, socialist, and liberal intellectual philosophies.
- Fundamental Duties: Alongside their rights, citizens also have responsibilities to the nation.
- Checks and Balances: It includes judicial review of legislative and executive actions, legislative oversight of the executive, etc.

SUPREME COURT’S JUDGEMENTS In the 2015 Krishnamoorthy case, the court emphasised that constitutional morality is essential for good governance.In the case of Union of India vs. Government of the NCT of Delhi, it was ruled that high-ranking officials must adhere to constitutional morality and uphold the ideals outlined in the Constitution to prevent the arbitrary use of authority.The Court, in the Government of NCT of Delhi case (2018), likened constitutional morality to a “second basic structure doctrine”, emphasising its role in curbing arbitrary authority.Similarly, in Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court held that Section 377 infringed upon the rights of the LGBTQI community and violated the fundamental values of individual dignity as enshrined in Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution.In its decision in Justice K S Puttaswamy and Anr. vs. Union of India and Ors., the Supreme Court confirmed the constitutional validity of Aadhaar with certain restrictions, underscoring the role of courts in checking executive abuse of power. In the Justice K S Puttaswamy case (2018), the Court reiterated its duty to uphold constitutional morality by nullifying any law or executive action that contravenes the constitution.

What are the challenges associated?

There have been debates on the interpretation of constitutional morality, particularly regarding conflicts between individual rights and collective interests or between different constitutional provisions.
For example, issues like affirmative action, freedom of speech, and right to privacy have all invoked discussions on constitutional morality.

What is the significance?

The judiciary plays a crucial role in interpreting the Constitution and upholding its values.
- Courts often invoke constitutional morality to strike down laws or actions that violate fundamental rights or undermine democratic principles.
Constitutional morality is not static but evolves over time to reflect changing societal norms and values.
In conclusion, constitutional morality in India serves as a guiding principle for governance, ensuring that all actions and decisions adhere to the core values enshrined in the Constitution.
It is a dynamic concept that balances rights with responsibilities and facilitates the progress towards a just and equitable society.

BRAIN IMPLANT TO CONTROL EPILEPTIC SEIZURES

Syllabus : GS3/Science and Technology

Why in news : A UK-based teenager, Oran Knowlson, has become the first person in the world to be fitted with a brain implant to help bring his epileptic seizures under control.

What does the device use?

The device uses DBS, which is also utilized for movement disorders associated with Parkinson’s, and other neurological conditions.
The device, which sends electrical signals deep into the brain, has reduced Knowlson’s daytime seizures by 80%.

How does the device work?

The neurostimulator delivers constant electrical impulses to the brain to disrupt or block abnormal seizure-causing signals.
The device was surgically implanted in Knowlson’s skull and anchored using screws.
The device was switched on after Knowlson recovered from his surgery. It can be recharged by a wireless headphone.

What is epilepsy?

Epilepsy, a condition that leads to recurring seizures, sees a person experience jerking of arms and legs, temporary confusion, staring spells, or stiff muscles.
- It is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Cause: The disease has no identifiable cause in nearly 50% of the cases. However, head trauma, tumors in the brain, some infections like meningitis, or even genetics can lead to epilepsy.
Impact: It can increase the risk of accidents, drownings, and falling.

Prevalence

Around 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy and nearly 80% of people with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries.
According to a Lancet study, 2022, In India, between 3 and 11.9 per 1,000 people suffer from epilepsy.

WHO Response

The ﬁrst global report on epilepsy produced in 2019 by WHO, Epilepsy: A public health imperative, highlighted the available evidence on the burden of epilepsy and the public health response required.
The 75th World Health Assembly adopted the Intersectoral global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders 2022–2031, which recognizes the shared preventive, pharmacological and psychosocial approaches between epilepsy and other neurological disorders.

PRELIMS

SANTHAL HUL

In Jharkhand, June 30 is observed as Hul Diwas, marking the anniversary of the 1855 Santhal rebellion/ Santhal Hul, one of the earliest peasant uprisings against the British.

Santhal Hul

Santhal Hul of 1855 was a revolt against imperialism led by four brothers,Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and Bhairav Murmu, along with sisters Phulo and Jhano.
The Santhals also fought against the upper castes, zamindars, darogas, and moneylenders, described by the umbrella term ‘diku’, in an attempt to safeguard the economic, cultural, and religious aspects of their lives.

Genesis of the uprising

In 1832, certain areas were delimited as ‘Santhal Pargana’ or ‘Damin-i-Koh’, in present-day Jharkhand.
- The area was allocated to the Santhals from areas of the Bengal Presidency.
However they followed the repressive practice of land-grabbing and begari (bonded labor) of two types: kamioti and harwahi.
The Murmu brothers led around 60,000 Santhals against the East India Company and engaged in guerrilla warfare.
- The British hanged Sidhu in 1855, followed by Kanhu in 1856.

The SPT and CNT Acts

The Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act of 1876 (SPT Act) enacted by the British, prohibited the transfer of Adivasi lands (urban or rural land) to non-Adivasis.
- The land can only be inherited as per the Act, thus retaining the rights of Santhals to self-govern their land.
The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, (CNT Act) enacted by the British in 1908 as a result of the Birsa Movement, allows land transfers within the same caste and certain geographical areas with the approval of the District Collector.

KOZHIKODE : UNESCO ‘CITY OF LITERATURE’

Kerala’s Kozhikode has become India’s first UNESCO ‘City of Literature’.

About programme

UNESCO’s City of Literature programme is part of a wider Creative Cities Network which was launched in 2004 and is currently made up of 350 UNESCO Creative Cities globally.
- Members are drawn from more than 100 countries
UNESCO offers Creative Cities status to cities across the globe based on their cultural contributions and traditions in categories such as Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Media Arts, Music and Folk Art.
The annual conference provides the member cities with a platform to share knowledge, experiences and good practices towards building sustainable cities of tomorrow.
The theme of the annual conference of UCCN this year is “Bringing youth to the table for the next decade.

PROJECT NEXUS

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has joined Project Nexus.

About Project Nexus

Project Nexus is conceptualised by the Innovation Hub of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).
It is the first BIS Innovation Hub project in the payments area to move towards live implementation.
It seeks to enhance cross-border payments by connecting multiple domestic instant payment systems (IPS) globally.
BIS will facilitate central banks and IPS operators of India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand as they work towards live implementation in the next phase, with Bank of Indonesia as special observer.
The platform is expected to go live by 2026.

ROAD CAVE-INS

Heavy rainfall has led to incidents of road cave-ins in several cities in the last few days.

About

The cave-ins or cavities that look like holes in the ground are a product of the incessant rain.

Reason: Continuous rain leads to overflowing of drains, which can cause leaks in the pipeline.
- Water from the pipeline flows into the layers of earth around it, the earth starts to erode and it gets washed away with the water in the pipeline.
- Eventually, the portion of the road over it collapses because of the erosion.

Once such an incident takes place, authorities concerned stop the flow of the water through the pipelines, then authorities fill the cavity with the required material.
Prevention: Installing a system that checks the flow at the start point and one at the endpoint, would be able to help authorities know that there is a leak.
- If the leakage is plugged early, the cave-in can be avoided.

July 3, 2024

MUDRAS IN BUDDHISM

Syllabus : GS1/Art and Culture

Why in news : Abhaya Mudra’, the gesture depicted with raised open palm that is commonly understood as conveying reassurance and a freedom from fear was invoked by the Leader of Opposition in his speech in Lok SABHASyllabus

About:

It is one of the major religions of the world that originated from the Indian subcontinent and has now spread to large parts of South-east Asia.
The origin of Buddhism is attached to the story of Siddhartha who came to be known as Buddha.
Gautam Buddha was born at Lumbini (in present Nepal) in 563 BC as Siddhartha Gautam.
At the age of 29, he left his house to find the truth of life and he wandered as an ascetic.
At Gaya (Bihar), he attained enlightenment (Nirvana) under a pipal tree and became the Buddha, the Enlightened One.
After attaining Nirvana, he gave his first sermon to his five companions at the Deer Park in Sarnath near Varanasi. This event was called Dharma-chakra-pravartana (Turning the wheel of Law).
Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (Malla Mahajanapada) in Uttar Pradesh in 483 BC.

Mudras in Buddhism:

In the Buddhist context, it refers to “hand and arm gestures made during the course of ritual practice or depicted in images of buddhas, bodhisattvas, tantric deities, and other Buddhist images”.
Mudras are most commonly associated with visual depictions of the Buddha with different gestures conveying different moods and meanings, signifying the subtle manifestations of the Buddha’s states of realisation.
The earliest depictions of the Buddha in physical form date to roughly around the turn of the first millennium.
Depictions started appearing in the Gandhara art from the northwestern edge of the Indian subcontinent (present day Pakistan and Afghanistan), which drew on Hellenistic influences (Greek) and later in the art of the Gupta period, in the Gangetic plains.
In the earliest depictions of Buddha, four mudras can be found:
- Abhaya mudra (gesture of fearlessness)
- Bhumisparsha mudra (Earth-touching gesture)
- Dharmachakra mudra (gesture of the wheel of dharma)
- Dhyana mudra (gesture of meditation).
With the evolution of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, and the proliferation of Buddhist artwork outside India, hundreds of mudras entered Buddhist iconography.

About Abhaya MudraThe Abhaya mudra is typicallyformed with the palm of the right-hand facing outward at shoulder height and the fingers pointing up and the index, second, or third finger touches the thumb, with the remaining fingers extended upward.In Buddhist tradition, the Abhaya mudra is associated with the Buddha immediately after he attained Enlightenment, ‘portraying a sense of the security, serenity, and compassion that derive from enlightenment’ This gesture identifies the moment when Shakyamuni (the Buddha) tamed the mad elephant, thus illustrating the Buddha’s ability to grant fearlessness to his followers. The elephant calmed down immediately, went down on her knees, and bowed her head to the Buddha.This is why the Abhaya mudra is also seen as a ‘gesture of protection’ or ‘gesture of granting refuge’.

Other Mudras in Buddhism:

Dharmachakra Mudra

It is also called as the gesture of ‘Teaching of the Wheel of Dharma’ that describes one of the most important moments in the Buddha’s life as he performed the Dharmachakra mudra in his first sermon in Sarnath after he attained enlightenment.
It is shown with the help of both the hands which are held against the chest, the left-facing inward, covering the right facing outward.

Dhyan Mudra

It is also known as Samadhi or Yoga mudra.
It is shown with the help of two hands which are placed on the lap and place the right hand on the left hand with stretched fingers (thumbs facing upwards and other fingers of both the hands resting on each other.)

Bhumisparsa Mudra

This gesture is also known as ‘touching the Earth’which represents the moment of the Buddha’s awakening as he claims the earth as the witness of his enlightenment
It is shown with the help of the right hand, which is held above the right knee, reaching toward the ground with the palm inward while touching the lotus throne.

Varada Mudra

This mudra represents the offering, welcome, charity, giving, compassion and sincerity.
It is shown with the help of both the hands with the palm of the right hand facing forward and fingers extended and the left-hand palm placed near omphalos with extended fingers.

Karana Mudra

This gesture signifies the warding off evil which is performed by raising the index and the little finger and folding the other fingers.
The karana mudra expels demons and removes obstacles such as sickness or negative thoughts.

Vajra Mudra

This gesture denotes the fiery thunderbolt that symbolizes the five elements of nature, i.e. air, water, fire, earth, and metal.
It is shown with the help of the right fist, left-hand forefinger, which is placed by enclosing the erect forefinger of the left hand in the right fist with the tip of the right forefinger touching (or curled around) the tip of the left forefinger.

Vitarka Mudra

It signifies the discussion and transmission of the teachings of Buddhism
It is shown by joining the tips of the thumb and the index fingers together while keeping the other fingers straight, which is just like to Abhaya Mudra and varada mudra but in this Mudra the thumbs touching the index fingers.

Abhaya mudra in Hindu religion:Over time, the Abhaya mudra appeared in depictions of Hindu deities, and the Buddha himself was absorbed into the Hindu pantheon as the ninth avatar of the Puranic god Vishnu.Hindus came to regard the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu between AD 450 and the sixth century. The first mention of the Buddha avatar came in the Vishnu Purana (400-500 CE).As multiple traditions, practices, and cultural influences mingled in the great melting pot of the Hindu religion, manifestations were seen in art and visual depiction of gods.The Abhaya mudra was seen in the depictions, most commonly of Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, and Lord Ganesha.

DIGITAL INDIA

Syllabus : GS2/Governance

Why in news : Prime Minister Narendra Modi has lauded the successful completion of nine years of the Digital India initiative.

About:

“Digital India” is a flagship initiative of the Indian government launched in 2015. As of 2024, it has completed 9 years of progress.
The initiative aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy by leveraging technology for governance and empowerment.
Over the years, Digital India has made significant strides in enhancing digital infrastructure, promoting digital literacy, and enabling digital inclusion across various sectors such as education, healthcare, agriculture, and governance.

What are the achievements of the mission?

Financial Inclusion : Due to the Digital India campaign, over 11 Crore farmers now receive money directly in their bank accounts.
- The Government of India, in collaboration with the EKstep Foundation, launched an AI chatbot with PM-Kisan to extend financial help to farmers .
Ayushman Bharat: leverages digital platforms to provide health insurance coverage to vulnerable sections of society.
- Over 34.6 crore Ayushman Cards were created
Over 674 crore documents issued by DigiLocker.
Over 137 Crore Aadhaar numbers have been generated, a unique ID for every Indian which is empowering millions with digital identity.
BharatNet has laid 6.83 lakh kilometres of optical fibre network, enough to circle the Earth over 17 times.
Over Nine crore FASTags issued it’s almost equal to the number of vehicles manufactured worldwide in 2023.
Pradhan Mantri Grameen Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDisha), the world’s largest digital literacy program, equips rural communities with essential digital skills like marketing, e-commerce, finance, and cybersecurity, enabling them to participate fully in the digital economy
The Government has come up with e-Marketplace (GeM), a dedicated platform for different goods & services procured by government organisations/departments/PSUs, offering 11,900 product categories and 321 service categories.
BHIM is a UPI-based payment app that simplifies digital transactions.
- It has empowered millions of users to send and receive money seamlessly.
- There has been more than 535 lakh crore rupees of UPI transactions.
Swamitva Scheme: Using drones and technology, the Swamitva Scheme aims to provide land titles to rural landowners.
The Jan Dhan Yojana has facilitated the opening of bank accounts for millions of unbanked individuals.
- The program also encourages digital payments, reducing the reliance on cash transactions.

What challenges does the mission face?

While Digital India has made significant strides, challenges such as digital literacy, internet penetration in remote areas, and cybersecurity remain.
- Disparities in digital access persist and bridging the urban-rural divide and reaching marginalized communities remains a challenge.
Financial Resource Issues
Coordination Issues because Program covers many other departments
Balancing convenience with privacy protection is essential.

What can be done further?

The Digital India program has become a transformative force, altering the pace of India’s growth story while transforming the country into a digitally empowered society and a knowledge-based economy.
Digital India is paving the way for a more inclusive, prosperous, and digitally connected India.
As India continues its digital journey, collaboration, innovation, and citizen participation will be key drivers.

STAMPEDE IN HATHRAS

Syllabus : GS2/Governance

Why in news : A stampede at a religious gathering in Hathras has claimed the lives of over 100 people. Many such incidents happened in the past like Kalkaji temple’s platform collapse or the Vaishno Devi temple stampede that happened in 2022.

What is a stampede?

Stampedes are often described as the disruption of the orderly movement of crowds leading to injuries and fatalities.
There are many factors like – poor event management, higher density of people allowed, or even due to natural disasters like sudden heavy rain, flood, or earthquake

What are the causes of stampede?

Structural Failures:
- Demolition of interim facilities, vertical stairs, narrow buildings due to illegal structures, hawkers, and parking.
Electric/Fire Disasters:
- A common cause is improper use of firecrackers or incorrect wiring during the celebrations in makeshift kitchens.
- Electricity supply failure creating panic and triggering sudden exodus.
Crowd Behavior:
- Minimizing the size of the mass, lack of coordination with management, overselling of the tickets, mass panicking by sudden rush or rumours to get celebrity autographs or freebies.
  - People need at least 1 square yard of space each to control their movements. Most people who die in crowds die from asphyxiation while standing upright, not from trampling.
  - Humans lose consciousness after being compressed for just 30 seconds, they can be brain dead within 6 minutes.
Inadequate Security:
- Taking drastic measures such as firing teargas due to insufficient deployment of safety teams.
Lack of Coordination among Administrative Agencies:
- Inadequate coordination between the fire service, the police, the shrine management, etc.

What can be done/ what is crowd management?

Crowd management is defined as the systematic planning for, and supervision of, the orderly movement and assembly of people.
Crowd management involves the assessment of the people handling capabilities of a space prior to use.
It includes evaluation of projected levels of occupancy, adequacy of means of ingress and egress, processing procedures such as ticket collection, and expected types of activities and group behavior.

What are the NDMA guidelines on crowd management?

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has formulated guidelines on crowd management to prevent and mitigate the risks of crowd disasters at events and venues of mass gatherings.
Risk Assessment and Planning: Develop a comprehensive crowd management plan based on the risk assessment, outlining roles and responsibilities, communication protocols, and emergency response procedures.
Infrastructure and Facilities: Ensure adequate space, entry/exit points, signage, lighting, and sanitation facilities at the venue.
Crowd Flow Management: Use technology like CCTV cameras and drones to monitor crowd movement and identify potential risks. Deploy trained personnel to guide and assist the crowd.
Emergency Response: Develop an emergency response plan for incidents like stampedes, fires, medical emergencies, or terrorist attacks. Ensure adequate medical facilities and trained personnel are available at the venue.
Training and Awareness: Provide training to organizers, security personnel, volunteers, and other stakeholders on crowd management techniques and emergency procedures.
Use of Technologies: Use of technology like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and data analytics for crowd prediction and behavior analysis.

PRELIMS

COLOMBO PROCESS

India chaired its first meeting as Chair of the Colombo Process at the Permanent Representative Level Meeting in Geneva

About Colombo Process

It is a Regional Consultative Process comprising 12 Member States from Asia, which primarily serve as countries of origin for migrant workers.
It provides an important platform for consultations on the management of overseas employment and contractual labour.
It is non-binding and decision-making is by consensus.
It is coordinated through Permanent Missions of Member States at the UN in Geneva.’
India has been a member of Colombo Process since its inception in 2003.
- In May 2024, India assumed the chair of the Colombo Process for the first time since its inception.

India’s priorities for Colombo Process (2024-26)

It includes
- Reviewing the financial sustainability of the Colombo Process,
- Broadening the membership by including new member states and observers
- Reconfiguring technical-level collaborations
- Implementing a structured rotation for the chairmanship
- Conducting a regional review of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM)
- Engaging in dialogues with the Abu Dhabi Dialogue (ADD) and other regional processes.

DIRECT MINERAL FOUNDATION

District Mineral Foundations (DMFs) are non-profit trusts established by state governments in districts affected by mining activities.
Legal Basis: Introduced in 2015 through an amendment to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
Objective: To work for the interest and benefit of people and areas impacted by mining-related operations.
Funding: DMFs are funded by a portion of the royalty paid by mining leaseholders, contributions from the state government’s budget, and donations from private companies.
Implementation: DMFs are governed by a Board of Trustees, which includes representatives from the state government, district administration, local communities, and experts. The Board formulates and approves projects under PMKKKY and other schemes.

RUDRAM – 1

India successfully test-fires new generation anti-radiation missile ‘Rudram-1’

About Rudram-1

It is the first indigenous anti-radiation missile developed by the DRDO for the Indian Air Force (IAF).
Key Features:
- Launch Platform: Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jets
- Guidance System: Inertial Navigation Systems (INS)-GPS navigation and Passive Homing Head for final attack
- Range: 100-250 km
- Speed: Up to Mach 2 (twice the speed of sound)

Significance

Enhances IAF’s Suppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD) Capability: Rudram-1 allows the IAF to conduct SEAD operations deep within enemy territory, neutralizing critical air defense installations and paving the way for other aircraft to operate safely.
Force Multiplier: The missile acts as a force multiplier by enhancing the survivability and effectiveness of air operations.
Indigenous Development: Its indigenous development is a significant step towards self-reliance in defense technology.

July 4, 2024

WATER HYACINTH

Syllabus : GS3/Environment

Why in news : Water hyacinths cover a vast portion of the Vembanad lake at Kumarakom in Kottayam district of Kerala. This invasive species is detrimental to fish and other aquatic species, and also affects the flow of water.

About:

Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a major freshwater weed found globally in lakes, rivers, and water bodies.
It is an invasive alien species, known for its rapid growth, regeneration, and ability to form dense colonies.
It obstructs sunlight, displaces native species, and is considered highly troublesome.

What is it’s historical context?

Introduction to India: Brought during British colonial rule from South America for ornamental purposes by George Morgan.
Ecological Impact: Disrupted native ecosystems, hindering agriculture, navigation, and fishing.
Economic Consequences: Contributed to agrarian decline, damaged infrastructure, and impeded river transport.

Invasive Alien Species in India and Their ImpactIndia, with its diverse ecosystems and climates, is particularly vulnerable to the introduction and spread of invasive alien species. These species have been introduced through various pathways such as trade, agriculture, horticulture, and deliberate introductions for pest control or ornamental purposes.

Notable invasive alien species in India and their impact:

Lantana (Lantana camara)
- Introduction: Introduced for ornamental purposes, now widespread in forests, grasslands, and degraded areas.
- Impact: Forms impenetrable thickets, reducing biodiversity by outcompeting native vegetation. Alters soil composition and fire regimes, affecting ecosystem health and regeneration

American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus)
- Introduction: Introduced for aquaculture and as a biological control agent, escaped into natural habitats.
- Impact: Predates on native amphibians and small mammals, disrupting local food chains. Competes with native species for resources and habitats.

Prosopis species (Prosopis juliflora and others)
- Introduction: Introduced for afforestation, now invasive in arid and semi-arid regions.
- Impact: Forms dense thickets, reducing grazing lands for livestock. Alters soil composition and groundwater levels, impacting local flora and fauna.

African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
- Introduction: Introduced for aquaculture, escaped into natural water bodies.
- Impact: Predates on native fish species, leading to declines in biodiversity and fisheries production. Alters aquatic ecosystems and reduces water quality.

What are the management and control strategies?

The management of invasive alien species in India involves a multi-pronged approach including:

Prevention: Strengthening regulations on importation and cultivation of potential invasive species.
Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR): Monitoring and timely action to prevent establishment and spread.
Control Measures: Utilizing mechanical, chemical, and biological methods for eradication or population control.
Public Awareness: Educating stakeholders about the impacts of invasive species and promoting responsible practices.

URBAN FLOODING

Syllabus : GS1/Geography, Urbanisation

Why in news : Urban flooding has become increasingly frequent in India’s major cities (Chennai floods, most recent in Hyderabad), with an increasing impact on life, property and increased incidence of tropical diseases.

About:

“Urban flooding is the inundation of land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas (like cities), caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems.
Unlike Rural Floods (Heavy rain over a flat or low-lying area), urban flooding is not only caused by just higher precipitation but also unplanned urbanisation (catchments) that:
- Increases the flood peaks from 1.8 to 8 times
- Increases the flood volumes by up to 6 times.

What are the Natural and Anthropogenic factors contributing to Urban Flooding in India?

NATURAL FACTORS:

Monsoon Rains:
- Example: The Indian subcontinent experiences heavy monsoon rains from June to September. Cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata frequently face intense rainfall during this period, leading to waterlogging and urban flooding.
Topography:
- Example: Bengaluru’s natural topography, with its undulating terrain, can lead to water accumulation in low-lying areas. This becomes problematic when combined with urban development that disrupts natural drainage patterns.
Cyclones and Storm Surges:
- Example: Coastal cities such as Chennai, Visakhapatnam, and Mumbai are susceptible to cyclones and storm surges. The 2017 Cyclone Ockhi caused significant flooding and damage in coastal areas of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Soil Characteristics:
- Example: Certain soil types, such as clayey soils found in parts of Chennai, have low permeability, leading to poor drainage and increased surface runoff during heavy rains.
Sea Level Rise:
- Example: Coastal cities like Mumbai and Chennai are vulnerable to sea level rise, which can exacerbate flooding, particularly during high tides and storm surges. The 2019 floods in Mumbai were worsened by high tide conditions.
Climate Change:
- Example: The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events due to climate change are causing more severe and unpredictable rainfall patterns. For instance, the unprecedented rainfall in Kerala in 2018 led to widespread flooding.
Hills and Slopes:
- Example: Shimla and other hill cities experience rapid runoff due to their steep slopes, leading to flash floods during heavy rains. The terrain accelerates water flow, increasing the risk of flooding in lower-lying urban areas.
Seasonal Variability:
- Example: Cities like Lucknow experience seasonal variability in rainfall, with some years receiving exceptionally high rainfall. This variability can overwhelm urban drainage systems not designed for such fluctuations.

ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS:

Rapid Urbanization without Adequate Planning:
- Example: The city of Gurgaon, near Delhi, has seen rapid urban development without corresponding improvements in infrastructure. The lack of adequate drainage systems has led to frequent waterlogging during monsoon seasons.
Encroachment on Natural Water Bodies:
- Example: In Chennai, extensive encroachment on natural water bodies and wetlands has significantly reduced the city’s capacity to absorb and drain rainwater. The 2015 floods were exacerbated by the loss of these natural buffers.
Outdated Drainage Infrastructure:
- Example: Mumbai’s drainage system, parts of which date back to the British colonial era, is not equipped to handle the high-intensity rainfall the city experiences. The 2005 floods highlighted the inadequacies of the city’s drainage system.
Poor Solid Waste Management:
- Example: In Kolkata, improper disposal of solid waste often clogs drainage channels, leading to severe waterlogging during heavy rains. The accumulated waste obstructs water flow, causing flooding even during moderate rainfall.
High Population Density:
- Example: Delhi’s high population density puts immense pressure on existing drainage infrastructure. During the 2020 monsoon, several areas of the city experienced severe flooding due to the overburdened drainage system.
Illegal Construction:
- Example: In Hyderabad, illegal constructions along the Musi River and other watercourses have obstructed natural water flow paths, leading to increased flooding during the monsoon season.
Lack of Urban Green Spaces:
- Example: Bengaluru has lost a significant number of its lakes and green spaces to urban development. The reduced capacity for water absorption has led to frequent flooding in several parts of the city.
Water Mismanagement:
- Example: In Surat, the release of water from the Ukai Dam without adequate warning during heavy rains in 2006 led to severe flooding. Poor water management practices and coordination issues often exacerbate flooding.
Unplanned Urban Expansion:
- Example: Jaipur has expanded rapidly without proper urban planning, leading to the development of residential areas in low-lying regions prone to flooding. The lack of planned drainage networks has made these areas vulnerable to flooding during heavy rains

STAMPEDE IN HATHRAS

Syllabus : GS2/Governance

What is a stampede?

Stampedes are often described as the disruption of the orderly movement of crowds leading to injuries and fatalities.
There are many factors like – poor event management, higher density of people allowed, or even due to natural disasters like sudden heavy rain, flood, or earthquake

What are the causes of stampede?

Structural Failures:
- Demolition of interim facilities, vertical stairs, narrow buildings due to illegal structures, hawkers, and parking.
Electric/Fire Disasters:
- A common cause is improper use of firecrackers or incorrect wiring during the celebrations in makeshift kitchens.
- Electricity supply failure creating panic and triggering sudden exodus.
Crowd Behavior:
- Minimizing the size of the mass, lack of coordination with management, overselling of the tickets, mass panicking by sudden rush or rumours to get celebrity autographs or freebies.
  - People need at least 1 square yard of space each to control their movements. Most people who die in crowds die from asphyxiation while standing upright, not from trampling.
  - Humans lose consciousness after being compressed for just 30 seconds, they can be brain dead within 6 minutes.
Inadequate Security:
- Taking drastic measures such as firing teargas due to insufficient deployment of safety teams.
Lack of Coordination among Administrative Agencies:
- Inadequate coordination between the fire service, the police, the shrine management, etc.

What can be done/ strategies to curb urban flooding?

Green Infrastructure:
- Green Roofs: Installing vegetation on rooftops can absorb rainwater and reduce runoff.
- Permeable Pavements: Using materials that allow water to infiltrate the ground can reduce surface runoff.
- Rain Gardens: Small, vegetated areas designed to absorb and filter rainwater.
Stormwater Management Systems:
- Retention Basins: Constructing basins to hold excess rainwater and release it slowly.
- Detention Ponds: Similar to retention basins but usually dry until a storm event occurs.
- Bioswales: Landscaped channels designed to concentrate and convey stormwater runoff while removing debris and pollution.
Upgrading Drainage Infrastructure:
- Enlarging and Improving Drainage Systems: Ensuring that drainage systems are capable of handling increased volumes of water.
- Regular Maintenance: Keeping drainage systems clear of debris and in good repair.
Urban Planning and Zoning:
- Floodplain Management: Restricting development in areas prone to flooding.
- Elevated Structures: Building homes and infrastructure above anticipated flood levels.
Smart Technology and Data:
- Flood Monitoring Systems: Using sensors and IoT devices to monitor water levels and provide early warnings.
- Predictive Modeling: Utilizing data and simulations to predict flooding and plan responses.
Community Involvement and Education:
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating residents about flood risks and how to reduce their impact.
- Community-Led Projects: Encouraging local initiatives to implement flood mitigation measures.
Nature-Based Solutions:
- Wetland Restoration: Rehabilitating wetlands to act as natural sponges for rainwater.
- Urban Forests: Increasing tree cover to enhance water absorption and reduce runoff.
Regulatory Measures:
- Building Codes: Implementing stringent building codes that require flood-resilient construction.
- Stormwater Fees: Charging fees based on impervious surface area to fund flood mitigation projects.

What are the Best Practices around the world?

Several cities worldwide have adopted the sponge city approach, with notable examples including:

Shanghai, China: Implementing green roofs, permeable pavements, and extensive green spaces as part of its sponge city initiative.
Berlin, Germany: Utilizing green roofs, rain gardens, and retention basins to manage stormwater and improve urban resilience.
Singapore: Integrating green infrastructure and advanced drainage systems to transform the city into a model of sustainable water management.

PRELIMS

PROJECT NEXUS

It is a multilateral international initiative to enhance cross-border payments by connecting multiple domestic instant payment systems (IPS) globally.
Project Nexus is conceptualised by the Innovation Hub of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).
It aims to connect the IPSs of India, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.

Why the Need?

The RBI has been collaborating bilaterally with various countries to link India’s Fast Payments System (FPS) – UPI, with their respective FPSs for cross-border Person to Person (P2P) and Person to Merchant (P2M) payments.
While India and its partner countries can continue to benefit through such bilateral connectivity of FPS, a multilateral approach will provide further impetus to the RBI’s efforts in expanding the international reach of Indian payment systems.
In over 70 countries today domestic payments reach their destination in seconds at near-zero cost to the sender or recipient. Connecting these IPS to each other can enable cross-border payments from sender to recipient within 60 seconds (in most cases).

Benefits of the Platform

Project Nexus is designed to standardise the way IPS connect to each other.
Rather than a payment system operator building custom connections for every new country that it connects to, the operator can make one connection to the Nexus platform.
This single connection allows a fast payments system to reach all other countries on the network and significantly accelerate the growth of instant cross-border payments.

RECONSTITUTION OF EIGHT CABINET COMMITTEES

The Government has re-constituted 8 Cabinet Committees with the Prime Minister heading six of them.

About

The Eight Cabinet Committees are;
- Appointments Committee of the Cabinet
- Cabinet Committee on Accommodation-Home Minister
- Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
- Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs- Defence Minister.
- Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs
- Cabinet Committee on Security
- Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth
- Cabinet Committee on Skill, Employment and Livelihood
Six Committees are headed by Prime Minister of India, Except Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs (by Defence Minister) and Cabinet Committee on Accommodation (Home Minister).

Cabinet Committees

Mandate: They are an organizational device to reduce the enormous workload of the Cabinet. They also facilitate in-depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination.
Membership: They usually include only Cabinet Ministers. However, the non-cabinet Ministers are not debarred from their membership.

GLOBAL PLANETARY DEFENSE EFFORTS

Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is keen to be part of global planetary defense efforts ahead of Earth’s 2029 close encounter with asteroid Apophis.

About

Planetary defense, the detection of asteroids and comets whose impact with Earth could significantly affect the planet and the prevention or mitigation of any such impacts.
Asteroid Day: Asteroid Day is observed every year by the space community on June 30 on account of a huge air blast from an asteroid flattening 2,200 sq km of forest in Siberia, Russia, on June 30, 1908.

TDF SCHEME

Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme playing a crucial role in promoting ‘Atma Nirbharta’ in defence

About Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme

The TDF scheme is a flagship programme of the Ministry of Defence Executed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under the ‘Make in India’ initiative.
The main objectives: To provide Grant in Aid to Indian industries, including MSMEs & start-ups, as well as academic and scientific institutions for the development of defence and dual use technologies that are currently not available with the Indian defence Industry.
- To engage with the private industries, especially MSMEs and start-ups, to bring in the culture of Design & Development of Military Technology and support them with Grant in Aid.
- To focus on Research, Design & Development of Niche technologies which are being developed for the first time in the country.
- To create a bridge amongst the Armed Forces, research organisations, academia and qualifying/certifying agencies with private sector entities.

July 5, 2024

BAIL REFORM IN INDIA : A PATH TO JUSTICE

Syllabus : GS2/Government Policies and Interventions

Why in news : India’s criminal justice system is facing a severe crisis, with over 75% of prisoners awaiting trial and prisons operating at 118% capacity.

What are the 3 new criminal laws?

Three new criminal laws – Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) – came into effect across the country on July 1.
They brought widespread changes in India’s criminal justice system and ended colonial-era laws – the Indian Penal Code (1860), Code of Criminal Procedure (1973) and the Indian Evidence Act (1872).
Together, these three laws govern the criminal justice jurisprudence – from defining penal offences, prescribing processes for investigation and evidence gathering to governing the process of a trial in court.

In detail:

The BNS introduces some new crimes: For example,
- Clause 69:
  - It penalises sexual intercourse through the employment of “deceitful means” and mentions upto 10 years imprisonment and a fine for the offence.
  - Deceitful means include the false promise of employment or promotion, inducement, or marrying after suppressing identity.
  - Critics say that this might end up criminalising consensual relationships and provide a fillip to the “love jihad” narrative in some cases.
- Clause 103:
  - It (for the first time) recognises murder on the ground of race, caste, or community as a separate offence.
  - In 2018, the SC had directed the Centre to consider a separate law for lynching and the new provision gives legal recognition to such crimes.
- Inclusion of offences such as organised crime and terror:
  - Clause 111(1) of the BNS borrows heavily from the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA)
  - Organised crime encompasses any continuing unlawful activity including kidnapping, robbery, vehicle theft, extortion, land grabbing, contract killing, economic offences, cyber-crimes, etc.
- Clause 304(1): It defines snatching as a new crime, distinct from theft.
- Community service as an alternate form of punishment for some offences:
  - These include small theft, defamation, and attempt to die by suicide with an intention to keep a public official from discharging her duty.
  - However, the BNS does not define what constitutes community service, leaving it to the discretion of judges.
BNSS:
- The expansion of detention in police custody: From the 15-day limit in the CrPC to up to 90 days.
- Victim-centric approach: The BNSS states that in cases where the punishment is seven years or more, the victim shall be given an opportunity of being heard before withdrawal of the case by the government.
- Trials in absentia: Where a person accused of a crime can be tried and convicted in his absence. Critics argue that the introduction of trials in absentia under normal criminal law allows the state to forgo its duty to properly locate the accused before the trial begins.
- Removes the provision for statutory bail: If an accused has more than one offence against his name.
BSA:
- Modified the definition of document:
  - By including electronic and digital records and recognising digital and electronic records as primary evidence.
  - Now, the digital or electronic records will have the same legal effect, validity, and enforceability as other documents.
- Expanded the scope of secondary evidence: It included additional categories such as oral admissions, written submissions, etc.
- Modified the need for confessional admission: A confession made by an accused person is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding.

What are the positives and negatives of the Three New Criminal Laws?

POSITIVES

Sexual intercourse with a minor wife has been brought under the ambit of rape.
The inclusion of offences for mob-lynching is crucial, and signals a legislative acknowledgement of such hate crimes.
In a progressive step, the BNS entirely leaves out the contentious Section 377 of the IPC which criminalises “carnal intercourse against the order of nature”.
The emphasis on video-conferencing of trials, and prescription of timelines for speedy trials should improve justice delivery but their success will depend on implementation on the ground.
NEGATIVES
- The consultation process (during pandemic) and the hasty passage of the laws through Parliament has caused much disquiet.
- According to some legal experts, although the new laws make significant changes, they do not ‘overhaul’ the existing laws.
- Despite the government’s claims (of doing away with sedition), the BNS has in fact introduced the offence with a wider definition.
- With rape laws still not made gender-neutral, there is little criminal recourse for male victims of sexual assault.

EDUCATION IN STATE LIST

Syllabus : GS2/Education

Why in news : Recent paper leak incidents and nationwide protests gave the impetus and topic of discussion to bring back Education in India under the State List of the Indian Constitution

Historical Background :

“During British rule, the Government of India Act, 1935 established a Federal Structure in our polity, distributing legislative subjects between the Federal Legislature (now the Union) and the Provinces (now the States).
– Education, being an essential public good, was initially placed under the Provincial List.
– After independence, this arrangement continued, with education falling under the ‘State List’ in the distribution of powers.
– However, during the Emergency, the Swaran Singh Committeerecommended placing ‘Education’ in the Concurrent List to facilitate all-India policies on the subject.
a. It led to the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976), which shifted ‘Education’ from the State list to the Concurrent List.
– 44th Constitutional Amendment (1978): The Janata Party government attempted to reverse the 42nd amendment by bringing ‘Education’ back to the State List, but it didn’t pass in the Rajya Sabha.

The Seventh Schedule (Article 246) of Indian Constitution plays a crucial role in defining the distribution of powers between the Union (Central) government and the State governments.– It ensures a clear division of powers between the Union and State governments, and prevents overlapping or conflicting legislation.– If there’s a conflict between Union and State laws on a Concurrent subject, the Union law prevails.
Three Lists
– Union List (List I): It includes subjects on which only the Union government has the authority to legislate. Examples include defence, foreign affairs, and currency etc.State List (List II): This list covers subjects on which only the State governments can legislate. Examples include police, public health, and agriculture etc.Concurrent List (List III): This list includes subjects on which both the Union and State governments can legislate. Examples include criminal law, marriage, and bankruptcy etc.
Key Constitutional Provisions Related to Education in IndiaArticle 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It extends to educational institutions as well.
Right to Education (Article 21A): The Constitution recognizes the right to education as a fundamental right. It guarantees free and compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14 years.
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)Article 41: It highlights the importance of ensuring equal opportunities for education and minimising inequalities.
Article 45: The DPSP under Article 45 emphasises that the state shall endeavour to provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14.Article 46: Promotes the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other marginalised sections.

Arguments in favour of Education in Concurrent List:

Uniform Education Policy: Having ‘education’ in the concurrent list allows for a uniform education policy across the country.
Improvement in Standards: Centralised policies can lead to better standards and quality.
Synergy Between Centre and States: Collaboration between the central and state governments can enhance educational outcomes.

Arguments Against the Concurrent List of Education:

Diversity: India’s vast diversity makes a ‘one size fits all’ approach impractical.
Corruption and Professionalism: Some argue that centralization has not necessarily addressed issues like corruption and lack of professionalism.
Conflict and Repugnancy: The dual authority can lead to conflicts between central and state laws. When there is inconsistency or repugnancy, Article 254 of the Constitution provides a mechanism to resolve such conflicts.
Complexity: Managing concurrent subjects requires coordination and harmonisation. Sometimes, overlapping laws can create confusion for citizens and administrators.
Uniformity vs. Diversity: While uniformity is desirable in some areas (e.g., criminal law), India’s diverse cultural, linguistic, and regional contexts may necessitate state-specific approaches. Striking the right balance is challenging.

Practices around the world:

United States: State and local governments set overall educational standards, mandate standardised tests, and supervise colleges and universities.
- The federal education department focuses on financial aid, key educational issues, and ensuring equal access.
Canada: Provinces manage education entirely. Each province has its own policies and systems.
Germany: Legislative powers for education are vested in the landers (equivalent to States).
South Africa: The country has two national departments — one for schools and another for higher education.
- Provinces also have their own education departments to implement national policies and address local issues.
Balancing centralization and decentralisation is crucial. While uniform policies are desirable, they must account for regional variations. Perhaps a hybrid approach, where certain aspects remain in the concurrent list while others are delegated to the States.
There is a need to look on challenges like Access and Equity, Quality of Education, Teacher Training, Dropout Rates, and Skill Development etc ahead of education in India and the National Education Policy (2020) is the right step that focuses on Holistic Development, Multilingualism, Flexible Curriculum, Technology Integration, along with Professional Education.
It requires thoughtful consideration of India’s unique context and the need for both national coherence and local flexibility.

ZIKA VIRUS

Syllabus : GS2/Health

Why in news : In response to reported cases of the Zika virus in parts of Maharashtra, the Union Health Ministry issued a nationwide advisory, emphasizing the importance of continuous vigilance.

About:

Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus first identified in Uganda in 1947 in a Rhesus macaque monkey followed by evidence of infection and disease in humans in other African countries in the 1950s.
Since 2007 outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific.
In outbreaks over the last decade Zika virus was found to be associated with increased incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome.
- It is a serious autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system.
- It initially presents weakness, tingling, and numbness in the limbs, which can progress to paralysis lasting 6-12 months or longer.
- The syndrome affects the nerves responsible for muscle movement, pain, temperature, and touch sensations.
- While more common in adults and males, it can occur in individuals of all ages.

Outbreaks of Zika virus disease were identified throughout most of the Americas and in other regions with established Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes.
Sexual transmission has been confirmed as an alternate route of Zika virus infection.
There is no specific treatment available for Zika virus infection or disease.
In 2016 WHO declared the Zika virus and microcephaly as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).

What is the structure of the virus?

The Zika virus, a single-stranded RNA virus from the Flaviviridae family.
- Flaviviridae is a family of enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses that primarily infect mammals and birds.
- These viruses are mainly transmitted through arthropod vectors, particularly ticks and mosquitoes.
The virus has two major lineages: Asian and African,which are geographically distinct.
- The African lineage primarily infects monkeys and apes, with humans as secondary hosts.
- The Asian lineage primarily affects humans.
The RNA of the Zika virus translates into a single polyprotein:
- Encoding three structural proteins, which are capsid (C), membrane (M), and envelope (E). The structural proteins form the viral particle.
- Along with seven non-structural proteins. Non-structural proteins assist in genome replication, packaging, and manipulating host processes to benefit the virus.

How does it transmit and what complications does it cause?

Transmission

Zika virus is primarily transmitted by infected mosquitoes of the Aedes (Stegomyia) genus,mainly Aedes aegypti, in tropical and subtropical regions. Aedes mosquitoes usually bite during the day.
These mosquitoes also transmit dengue, chikungunya and urban yellow fever.
Zika virus is also transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, as well as through sexual contact, transfusion of blood and blood products, and possibly through organ transplantation

Complications:

Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital malformations in the infant, including limb contractures, high muscle tone, eye abnormalities and hearing loss. These clinical features are collectively referred to as congenital Zika syndrome.
- Microcephaly is a birth defect in which babies are born with a smaller than usual head and underdeveloped brain
Congenital malformations occur following both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection.
Zika infection in pregnancy can also cause complications such as fetal loss, stillbirth and preterm birth.
Zika virus infection can also cause Guillain-Barré syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in adults and older children.

PRELIMS

GHARIAL

A lone female Gharial has been spotted for more than three years in a stretch of the river within the Kaziranga National Park.

About

The Gharial derives its name from a bulbous knob-like protuberance on the snout of breeding males that resembles a ghara, which in Hindi means an earthen pot.
They are found mainly in the Chambal, Girwa Ghagra, and Gandak rivers.
IUCN Status: Critically Endangered
It is listed under Schedule 1 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.

Kaziranga National Park

Location: Golaghat, Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam.
It was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1950 and notified as Kaziranga National Park in 1974 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, of 1972. It was also recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.
The Park is the abode of more than 70% of One Horned Rhinoceros in the world.

HOLOGRAM TECHNOLOGY

Japan has introduced redesigned yen banknotes incorporating advanced 3D hologram technology to enhance security measures against counterfeiting.

About Hologram Technology

Hologram technology involves creating photographic patterns that project a three-dimensional image when exposed to coherent light.
Holograms change their appearance and colors depending on the viewing angle.
The creation of holograms relies on the principles of interference and diffraction of light waves. Beyond currency, holograms find applications in diverse fields such as medical imaging, weather forecasting, and security measures like credit card holograms.

AUSTRALIA-INDIA STRATEGIC RESEARCH FUND

Recently, India unveiled the results of the 15th round of the Australia-India Strategic Research Fund (AISRF).

About the Australia-India Strategic Research Fund (AISRF)

It is jointly administered and funded by the governments of Australia and India. Its primary objective is to facilitate collaborative research projects between Australian and Indian partners.
It provides grants for collaborative research projects with Indian partners.
- the minimum grant amount is $500,000;
- the maximum grant amount is $1,000,000;
- one must complete its project within 3 years.
For Round 15 of the AISRF, your project must involve research in a focused priority area and must be mutually beneficial for Australia and India.

Priority Areas (Round 15)

Indo-Australian Science and Technology Fund (administered by the Department of Science and Technology in India)
- Artificial intelligence and machine learning;
- New and renewable energy technologies (particularly ultra-low-cost solar and clean hydrogen);
- Urban mining and electronic waste recycling.
Indo-Australian Biotechnology Fund (administered by the Department of Biotechnology in India)
- Antimicrobial resistance
- RNA vaccines and therapies.

Funding for this year focused on:

Creating an AI-driven platform for monitoring soil carbon sequestration.
Eco-friendly recovery of essential metals from obsolete mobile devices.
Cost-effective solar thermal desalination by systems design with nanomaterials.
Harnessing the immune system’s power to combat antimicrobial resistance.
Advanced diagnostics and innovative therapeutics to detect and combat microbial infections.

US INDEPENDENCE DAY

The US celebrates Independence Day on July 4 every year, commemorating the country’s declaration of Independence from Great Britain.

About

In 1775, the American Revolutionary War started after thirteen American colonies revolted to gain independence from British rule under King George III.
On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress secretly voted to end the British rule in America – this marked the start of an independent state.
After the decisive vote of the Congress, on July 4, 1776, the final wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and published.
The adoption of the Declaration of Independence established the United States as a sovereign and independent nation.

July 6, 2024

COMPUTER LITERACY

Syllabus : GS2/Governance

Why in news : The recently released NSS 78th round of the Multiple Indicator Survey (conducted in 2020-21) is a household survey that highlighted low computer literacy in India.

What is the scene of Computer Literacy in India?

Computer literacy, defined as the ability to use a computer. Key findings of NSS 78th round of the Multiple Indicator Survey (conducted in 2020-21):
- Computer literacy among individuals aged 15 years and above stands at 24.7%. This marks an increase from 18.4% in 2017-18 to 24.7% in 2020-21. In rural areas, computer literacy increased from 11.1% to 18.1%, while in urban areas, it rose from 34.7% to 39.6%. Among those aged 20-24, the literacy rate is 45.9%, while it is 4.4% for the age group of 65-69 years.
- The survey shows that computer literacy decreases with age, with younger people being more computer literate. This common trend highlights the gap in computer education between younger and older generations, known as a “cohort effect” or “generation effect.”
- Significant differences in computer literacy rates, with Kerala at 72.7% and Assam at 17.6% for ages 20-39.

What is the significance of Computer Literacy?

Critical services: Banking, healthcare, and government services are increasingly digital.
Quality of life: Access and effective use of technology enhance individuals’ quality of life.
COVID-19 Impact: The pandemic underscored the importance of computer and internet access for everyday needs., from ordering groceries and online education to managing banking and health-care services.
Employment opportunities: Enhances employability and productivity, providing individuals with a competitive edge in the job market, reducing socio-economic inequalities.

What are the challenges?

Lack of Infrastructure: Many schools and colleges across India do not have the necessary infrastructure.
Shortage of qualified teachers: Limits the quality and reach of computer literacy programs.
Gaps in education system: Although computer education is part of the school curriculum, there are disparities in access and instructional standards, particularly in rural and economically disadvantaged areas. E.g: Assam (17.6%), Bihar (20.4%), Madhya Pradesh (21%).
Limited access for older demographics: Older age groups often lack motivation or access to learning resources for computer literacy.
Unequal distribution of resources: There is a significant disparity in resource allocation for computer literacy initiatives, leading to unequal progress across different states and regions.

Government initiative to promote computer literacy: Digital India campaign 2015: To transform the country into a digitally empowered society.Education integration: Computer education is being integrated into the formal education system from an early age.E.g: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)Skill development: Various programs target underprivileged communities to bridge the digital divide. E.g: Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA).

What can be done?

The government should allocate resources towards the training of computer personnel and ensure sufficient staffing levels.
For the older population outside the formal education system, targeted programmes are essential through involving various institutions, including local governing bodies such as panchayats and non-governmental organisations, to effectively reach and empower older individuals with computer literacy skills.
The government should also conduct a thorough review of such computer literacy and develop strategies to achieve higher literacy and reduce disparities in the coming years.

AXIOM-4 MISSION

Syllabus : GS3/Science and Technology

Why in news : The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has shortlisted two of its four trained Gaganyaan astronauts for a mission to the International Space Station (ISS) in collaboration with United States’ NASA later this year.

About :

“The selected astronauts will be part of the Axiom-4 mission, which represents the fourth private astronaut mission conducted by NASA in partnership with Axiom Space, a private US company.
The mission is scheduled to take place ‘no earlier than October 2024’, and is expected to spend up to 14 days docked to the space station during the mission.

Historical significance::

“This collaboration between ISRO and NASA marks a significant milestone in India’s space exploration journey.
It reflects the growing cooperation between the two space agencies and underscores India’s commitment to human spaceflight.
The selected astronauts aim to follow in the footsteps of Rakesh Sharma, who became the first and only Indian to travel to space back in 1984 aboard a Russian spacecraft.

Training and Preparation:

“While the Gaganyaan astronauts have received general space training in India, their focus has primarily been on Gaganyaan-specific modules.
However, to participate in the ISS mission, they will need to undergo specialised training to familiarise themselves with ISS modules, protocols, and operational procedures.
This training will take place in the United States, where they will collaborate with NASA and other international partners.

Gaganyaan MissionThe Gaganyaan project envisages demonstration of human spaceflight capability by launching a crew of three members to an orbit of 400 km for a three day mission and bringing them back safely to earth, by landing in Indian sea waters.Gaganyaan astronauts are poised to contribute to scientific research, international collaboration, and the advancement of space exploration.ISRO’s First Human Spaceflight MissionThis manned mission will be the first of ISRO’s human spaceflight missions.The US, Russia and China are the only three countries to have conducted human spaceflights yet.It will be launched by ISRO’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk III (3 stages heavy-lift vehicle).

VALUE OF DEFENSE PRODUCTION

Syllabus : GS3/Defense

Why in news : The value of defense production in India has gone up to ₹1,26,887 crore in FY 2023-24, reflecting a growth of 16.7% over the defense production of FY 2022-23.

About:

Since 2019-20, the value of defense production has been increasing steadily, and has grown by over 60%.
Of the total value of production in 2023-24, about 79.2% has been contributed by the Public Sector and 20.8% by the private sector.

Defense Sector in India :

India’s defense budget of US$ 74.7 billion ranked fourth highest globally in 2024.
India has the world’s fourth largest defense expenditure, as of 2022, and
India has set a target of US$ 6.02 billion worth of annual defense exports by 2028-29.
Defense exports was ₹21,083 crore in FY 2023-24, reflecting a growth of 32.5% over the last fiscal when the figure was ₹15,920 crore.

What are the advantages?

Self-defense: The presence of hostile neighbors like China and Pakistan makes it necessary for India to boost its self-defense and preparedness.
Strategic advantage: Self-reliance will make India’s geopolitical stance strategically stronger as a net security provider.
Technological advancement: Advancement in the defense technology sector will automatically boost other industries hence catapulting the economy further ahead.
Economic drain: India spends around 3% of GDP on defense and 60% of that is spent on imports. This leads to an immense economic drain.
Employment: Defence manufacturing will need the support of numerous other industries which generate employment opportunities.

What are the challenges?

Narrow Private Participation: Private sector participation in the defense sector is constrained by the lack of a conducive financial framework, that means our defense production is unable to benefit from modern design, innovation, and product development.
Lack of Critical Technology: Lack of design capability, inadequate R&D investment, inability to manufacture major subsystems and components hamper indigenous manufacturing.
Lack of Coordination Between Stakeholders: India’s defense manufacturing capability is hindered by overlapping jurisdictions between the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Industrial Promotion.

GOVT INITIATIVESIDR Act: Defence Products list requiring Industrial License has been rationalized and manufacture of most of parts or components does not require Industrial License.The initial validity of the Industrial Licence granted has been increased from 03 years to 15 years with a provision to further extend it by 03 years on a case-to-case basisGovernment schemes such as iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence)and DTIS (Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme) to enable innovation within the Defence & Aerospace ecosystem.FDI in the Defence Sector has been enhanced up to 74% through the Automatic Route and 100% by Government Route, to promote export and liberalize foreign investments.The government has established 2 dedicated Defence Industrial Corridors in the States of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh to act as clusters of defense manufacturing that leverage existing infrastructure, and human capital. Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020 (DPEPP): The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has formulated a draft DPEPP 2020 as a guiding document of MoD to provide a focused, structured, and significant thrust to defense production capabilities of the country for self-reliance and exports.In 2021, Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) boosted the ‘Make in India’ initiative by Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) — to capital acquisition proposals worth US$ 1.07 billion (Rs. 7,965 crore) — for modernisation and operational needs of armed forces.

What can be done?

Green Channel Status Policy (GCS) has been introduced to promote and encourage private sector investments in defense production to promote the role of private sector in defense production.
India has around 194 defense tech startups building innovative tech solutions to empower and support the country’s defense efforts.
With the government’s emphasis on easing restrictions on foreign investment in order to achieve India’s goal of an Atmanirbhar Bharat, the growth trajectory of the Indian defense sector remains strong.

PRELIMS

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

India’s current account registered a surplus during the fourth quarter (Jan-Mar) of the 2023-24 financial year.

This was the first time in 11 quarters that India had witnessed a surplus.

About Balance of Payments

It records the transactions in goods, services and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specified time period typically a year.
There are two main accounts in the BoP – the current account and the capital account
- The current account records exports and imports in goods and services and transfer payments.

AGNIVEERS

Recently, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha alleged that the family of Agniveer did not receive financial assistance from the government.

About the Agniveer Scheme (aka Agnipath Scheme and or Tour of Duty Scheme)

It was announced by the government with the objective to modernise and optimise the recruitment process within the Indian armed forces.
By introducing a short-term service model, the scheme aims to attract patriotic and motivated youth to serve their country.
It aims to enrol candidates from all parts of the nation using contemporary technology (such as online STAR exams), specialised rallies, and campus interviews at recognized technical institutes.

Recruitment Criteria

Eligible Candidates: Youth between the ages of 17.5 and 23 years.
Enrolment Basis and Duration: All-India All-Class basis.
- Candidates inducted through the Agnipath Scheme are called as Agniveers, and governed under the Air Force Act 1950 for a period of four years.
Rank: Enrolled candidates will be known as ‘Agniveers’
Insignia: Agniveers will bear a distinct insignia within their respective forces.
Pension: Agniveers will not be eligible for any pensionary benefits during their service period.

Compensation

Life Insurance Cover: Agniveers receive life insurance coverage of Rs. 48 lakhs during their engagement period.
Compensation for Death: In case of death, Agniveers’ next of kin (NOK) will receive insurance cover and additional compensation from the Agniveer Corpus Fund.

SEHER PROGRAM

Recently, Women Entrepreneurship Platform and TransUnion CIBIL Partner launched the SEHER Program to empower women entrepreneurs.

About the SEHER Program

It is a credit education initiative aimed at empowering women entrepreneurs in India by providing essential financial literacy content and business skillsto women business owners.
It facilitates better access to credit and financial resources for women-led businesses.
It provides women entrepreneurs with knowledge about credit scores, loan eligibility, and financial planning.

Importance

Reducing gender disparities (currently, only 7% of overall outstanding loans to MSMEs are granted to women-led businesses), and employment opportunities (around 20% MSMEs being women-owned).

July 7,8 2024

SPECIAL CATEGORY STATUS FOR STATES

Syllabus : GS2/Governance and Polity

Why in news : The talks over special category status for the states of Bihar and Andhra Pradesh have once again gained momentum after the victory of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.

What is Special Category Status (SCS)?

It is a classiﬁcation granted by the Centre to assist the development of States that face geographical or socioeconomic disadvantages.
Also to safeguard the interest and aspirations of certain backward regions or to protect cultural and economic interests of the tribal people or to deal with the disturbed law and order in some parts of India.
It was introduced in 1969 on the recommendation of the Fifth Finance Commission (FC).
The criteria for SCS are based on Gadgil Mukherjee formula:

Hilly and diﬃcult terrain

Low population density and/or sizeable share of tribal population
Strategic location along international borders.
Economic and infrastructural backwardness and
Nonviable nature of state ﬁnances.
The 14th and 15th Finance Commission have increased the devolution of divisible pool funds to states from 32% to 41%. However, since 2014, it was formally done away with.

Constitutional provision of SCS: The Indian Constitution does not provide for ‘special category states.’ However, 10 states have special provisions under Articles 371, 371-A to 371-H, and 371-J.
States under SCS:Assam, Nagaland, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Uttarakhand, and Telangana, have been designated as special category states.

What are Bihar and Andhra Pradesh demanding Special Category Status?

Bihar: Bihar has been asking for it ever since the mineral-rich Jharkhand was carved out of it back in 2000.
- Bihar has been ranked as the poorest state in India, according to the Centre’s ‘Multidimensional Poverty Index’ (MPI) report. It is estimated to have nearly 52% of its population, without having proper access to requisite health, education and living standards.
- While the state meets most of the criteria for the Special Category Status, it does not fulfil the criteria of hilly terrain and geographically difficult areas.
Andhra Pradesh:
- After its bifurcation in 2014, Andhra Pradesh has also seen many of its political leaders demanding a Special Category Status on the grounds of revenue loss due to the city of Hyderabad going to Telangana.

What are the benefits provided under SCS?

For Special Category States 90% of the Central assistance is given as grant and 10% as Loan. In the case of Non-Special Category States, however only 30% of NCA is given as grant and 70% as Loan.
Special packages are purely discretionary. They may be need-based, but the need is not the proximate reason for granting a special package, which is an additional grant under Article 282, which falls under ‘Miscellaneous Financial Provisions’.
Tax sops such as concession on Customs duty, income tax and corporate tax etc. for industrial development.
Special category states can carry forward unspent money from one financial year to the next without it lapsing.

What are the challengees under SCS?

It places an additional economic burden on the center and fosters a culture of economic dependency among states.
Granting special status to one state often prompts similar requests from other states.
It will weaken the foundations of fiscal federalism, as it will result in diverting national resources away from other States, which too may have pressing needs.
May be driven by political motives instead of objective criteria.

What can be done?

“Recommendations of Raghuram Rajan Committee:

Suggested “multi-dimensional index” of backwardnessis proposed, based on per capita consumption according to National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data, poverty ratios, and other measures aligned with the multi-dimensional approach to defining poverty in the 12th Five-Year Plan.
States that score 0.6 and above on the Index may be classified as “least developed”; States that score below 0.6 and above 0.4 may be classified as “less developed”; and States that score below 0.4 may be classified as “relatively developed”.
Each state should get a basic fixed allocation and an additional allocation depending on its development needs and development performance.
Design specialized programs that address the needs of vulnerable groups with a focus on preserving their cultural identities.

KANGAROO COURT

Syllabus : GS2/Social Justice

Why in news : A recent case of a couple being flogged at a Kangaroo court in Chopra (West Bengal) because of an alleged extramarital affair has brought back the debate on kangaroo courts and vigilante justice in various parts of India.

What is Vigilante Justice?

Vigilante justice refers to the act of individuals or groups taking the law into their own hands to enforce justicewhich is outside the established legal system.
It involves apprehending, punishing, seeking retribution, or even lynching to death against perceived wrongdoers without proper authorization or due process.
Vigilantism generally arises when individuals feel that the formal legal system is ineffective, corrupt, or unable to deliver justice. Vigilantes may believe they are acting in the best interest of their community or seeking to right perceived injustices that the legal system has failed to address.

What are the reasons for Vigilante Justice in Indian Society?

“Breakdown of law and order: In areas where law enforcement is weak or corrupt, vigilante groups take matters into their own hands, leading to instances of mob violence and vigilantism.
Inefficiency or corruption in the legal system: Sometimes, people feel disillusioned with the slow pace of justice delivery, bureaucratic hurdles, and corruption within the legal system. When they believe that authorities are unable or unwilling to address crimes effectively, some fringe elements resort to taking matters into their own hands.
Lack of trust in law enforcement: Trust in law enforcement agencies is low in certain communities due to instances of corruption, inactiveness, and perceived bias.
- When people feel that the police are not responsive to their needs or might be complicit in criminal activities, they feel compelled to seek justice independently.
Cultural and religious factors: Vigilante justice may be motivated by cultural or religious beliefs, where communities take it upon themselves to enforce moral codes or punish perceived transgressors.
- This can lead to instances of mob violence or lynching based on accusations of blasphemy, inter-caste relationships, extramarital affairs, or other perceived offenses against social norms.
Perception of impunity: Individuals engage in vigilante actions because they believe they can act with impunity; it is due to a lack of enforcement of laws or a sense of community and political support for their actions.
Political manipulation: Vigilantism has been exploited by various political groups to advance their agendas and mobilize support. In some cases, politicians and radical organizations have incited violence in the name of protection of social order to polarize communities and garner political mileage.
Perceived threat to cultural identity: Some advocates of vigilantism perceive extramarital affairs as a threat to India’s cultural identity and view themselves as defenders of traditional values.

What are the different court judgements in the matter of Vigilante Justice?

In Naz Foundation vs. Govt. of NCT of Delhi, 2009 Delhi High Court stated that constitutional morality supersedes public morality, in this case, khap panchayat could not be defended in the name of public morality.
In Arumugam Servai Vs State of Tamil Nadu (2011),Supreme Court directed that “If any such incidents happen, apart from instituting criminal proceedings against those responsible for such atrocities, the State government concerned is directed to immediately suspend the District Magistrate/Collector and the SSP/SPs of the district as well as other officials concerned and chargesheet them and proceed against them departmentally if they do not prevent the incident if it has not already occurred but they have knowledge of it in advance, or if it has occurred, they do not promptly apprehend the culprits and others involved and institute criminal proceedings against them, as, in our opinion, they will be deemed directly or indirectly accountable in this connection.”
In Shakti Vahini vs Union of India, Supreme Court gave guidelines to deal with honor killing and extrajudicial punishments.

Administrative reforms:Separate data collection: As of now, the NCRB does not categories the incidents of honor killing or punishments khap panchayats as a separate category of crimes, this should be done to have a database for the same.Address delay in filing FIR: Police officials shall not delay in filing of F.I.R. under the appropriate provisions of the Penal Code.Provision of protection: Immediate steps should be taken to provide security to the persons facing threat of persecution and, if necessary, move them to a safe house.

EAST COAST RAIL LINK

Syllabus : GS2/IR

Why in news : The East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) is a 665-km railway project in Malaysia connecting Kota Bharu to Port Klang, aimed at enhancing economic connectivity

About ECRL :

Started in 2017 but stalled due to funding issues and political concerns, then resumed in 2020 after renegotiations to reduce costs.

What is the purpose of ECRL?

Connect the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang) to the developed west coast (Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Federal Territory of Putrajaya).
Bridge the gap in the existing railway network, which currently only partially connects these regions.
Improve transportation of both passengers and freight.

What are the project details?

Length: Approximately 665 kilometers (413 miles)

Route: Port Klang (west coast) to Kota Bharu (east coast)

Type: Standard gauge double-track railway

Cost: Approximately RM50.27 billion (US$11.7 billion)

Owner: Malaysia Rail Link Sdn Bhd (MRLSB) – owned by the Ministry of Finance

Contractor: China Communications Construction Company Ltd. (CCCC)

Expected Completion:

First section (Kota Bharu to Gombak): December 2026
Entire project: January 2028 (including Gombak Utara to Port Klang section)

What are the benefits?

Reduced travel time: Travel time between Kota Bharu and Klang Valley is expected to be cut from around 7 hours by car to 4 hours by train.
Improved connectivity: The ECRL will create a vital transportation link between the east and west coasts, boosting economic activity and trade.
Regional development: The project aims to stimulate development in the less developed east coast states by improving access to markets and resources.
Freight transportation: The ECRL will facilitate the efficient movement of goods, potentially lowering logistics costs for businesses.

What are the challenges?

Cost: The project has faced some controversy due to its high cost.
Environmental concerns: The original alignment raised concerns about environmental impact, leading to a realignment to minimize disruption.
Land acquisition: Acquiring land for the project has been a complex process.

What is the current status?

Construction began in August 2017.
Track laying works commenced in December 2023.
The project is progressing, with the first section targeted for completion by December 2026.

PRELIMS

APHELION

Aphelion is the point in the orbit of a celestial body (like a planet or comet) that is farthest from the Sun. Earth reaches aphelion around early July each year.
Earth’s aphelion happens because its orbit is elliptical, not circular. All planets in the solar system move in oval-shaped orbits around the Sun, and this is probably true for planets around other stars too.
Gravity is the reason behind these elliptical orbits. The planets pull on each other, making their orbits less circular. Jupiter, being the largest planet, has the most influence.
The shape of an orbit is measured by its eccentricity: the higher the eccentricity, the more oval-shaped the orbit is. Mars has an eccentricity of 0.094, meaning its orbit is more elliptical. Pluto’s orbit is even more oval-shaped with an eccentricity of 0.244. In comparison, Earth’s orbit is almost circular with an eccentricity of 0.017.

How far is the Earth from the Sun at aphelion?

At aphelion, Earth’s distance from the Sun is about 152.1 million km.
Six months later, in early January, Earth reaches perihelion, the point at which it is closest to the Sun. At perihelion, the distance between Earth and the Sun is roughly 147.1 million km.

Does aphelion affect temperatures on Earth?

The distance from the Sun is a common misconception for the cause of seasons.
At aphelion, Earth receives 7% less sunlight, leading to milder summers and winters in the Northern Hemisphere.
Earth is farthest from the Sun during aphelion, it doesn’t cause the coldest weather. The distance change is actually too small to significantly impact global temperatures.
The main reason for seasons is the tilt of Earth’s axis, not the slight variations in distance to the Sun. As Earth orbits the Sun, the tilt means different hemispheres receive more direct sunlight at different times. This creates the cycle of summer, fall, winter, and spring.

What would happen if there were no aphelion?

If Earth’s orbit were a perfect circle, the lengths of seasons would be equal, right now, spring and summer are a few days longer than fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
If Earth’s orbit became more eccentric, seasons in the Southern Hemisphere would become extreme. This could lead to intolerable summers and winters, causing crop failures and freezes.

PROJECT PARI

The Ministry of Culture initiates Project PARI for the 46th World Heritage Committee Meeting.

About

Project PARI (Public Art of India), seeks to bring forth public art that draws inspiration from millennia of artistic heritage while incorporating modern themes and techniques.
Artists from all over the country have come together to create the various wall paintings, murals, sculptures and installations being prepared under this project.
The creative canvas inspired by the styles of;
- Phad paintings (Rajasthan), Thangka painting (Sikkim/Ladakh), Gond art (Madhya Pradesh), Tanjore paintings (Tamil Nadu), and
- Kalamkari (Andhra Pradesh), Alpona art (West Bengal), Cheriyal painting (Telangana), Pichhwai Painting (Rajasthan), Lanjia Saura(Odisha), and
- Pattachitra (West Bengal), Bani Thani Painting (Rajasthan), Warli(Maharashtra), Pithora Art (Gujarat), Aipan (Uttarakhand), Kerala Murals (Kerala), Alpana art (Tripura) and more.

GALLANTRY AWARDS

President Droupadi Murmu on Friday (5th July 2024) conferred 36 Gallantry Awards to the personnel of the Armed Forces, Central Armed Police Forces, and State and Union Territory Police

About Gallantry Awards

Gallantry Awards are prestigious honors bestowed upon individuals who display exceptional courage, valor, and devotion to duty.
These gallantry awards are announced twice in a year – first on the occasion of the Republic Day and then on the occasion of the Independence Day.

Wartime Gallantry Awards:

Param Vir Chakra (PVC) : It is the highest military decoration for valor in India.
- It is awarded for acts of conspicuous bravery in the presence of the enemy.
- It is a posthumous award in most cases and is symbolized by a bronze circular medal with a purple ribbon.

Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) :It is the second-highest military award for gallantry.
- It recognizes acts of exceptional courage and valor during combat.
Vir Chakra (VrC) : The Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of bravery in the face of the enemy.
- It is a gallantry award for both officers and other ranks.

Peacetime Gallantry Awards

Ashoka Chakra: The Ashoka Chakra is the highest peacetime gallantry award.
- It is given for acts of valor, self-sacrifice, and exceptional courage outside the battlefield.
Shaurya Chakra : It is awarded for acts of bravery not in direct combat.
- It recognizes exceptional courage and selflessness.
Kirti Chakra : It is a peacetime gallantry award.
- It is given for acts of bravery and courage in non-combat situations.

PROJECT ZORAWAR

The Indian Army plans to acquire a fleet of lightweight tanks, under ‘Project Zorawar’, aimed at deploying them in high-altitude regions of eastern Ladakh by 2027.

About

Zorawar is a lightweight tank jointly developed by the DRDO and Larsen and Toubro.
It is named after the 19th century Dogra General Zorawar Singh, who led military expeditions to Ladakh and Western Tibet.

The tank will be able to navigate steep mountains and cross water bodies like rivers far more easily than its forerunners such as the heavy-weight T-72 and T-90 tanks.
This will allow it to be deployed in areas like eastern Ladakh’s Pangong Tso Lake.

July 9 2024

INDIA-RUSSIA STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIP

Syllabus : GS2/International Relations

Why in the news : Prime Minister Modi is on a two-day visit to Russia.

What are the key highlights?

India and Russia are working on the Eastern Maritime Corridor and the two countries were discovering each other through the Ganga-Volga dialogue.
- The Eastern Maritime Corridor is a proposed sea route between Chennai, India, and Vladivostok, Russia, passing through the Sea of Japan, the South China Sea, and the Malacca Strait.
India will set up two new consulates in the Russian cities of Kazan and Yekaterinburg.

India-Russia Relations: Different Facets

Political relations:
- The India-Russia Intergovernmental Commission (IRIGC) has two divisions – the Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation and the Military & Military-Technical Cooperation.
- In 2021, a new dimension to the bilateral cooperation was added with the first 2+2 Dialogue (Foreign and Defence Ministers of both countries) taking place.
- Both countries remain in touch at multilateral engagements as well. For example, they met on the sidelines of the East Asia Summit in Jakarta, BRICS in South Africa, SCO in Goa and G20 in New Delhi in 2023.
Trade and Economic relations:
- In April-December 2022, the bilateral trade reached an all-time high of $45 billion with a trade deficit of $35bn in Russia’s favour.
- Major items of export from India include pharmaceuticals, organic chemicals, electrical machinery and mechanical appliances, iron & steel, etc.
- Major items of import from Russia include oil and petroleum products, fertilisers, mineral resources, precious stones and metals, vegetable oils, etc.
Defense and security cooperation:
- India has longstanding and wide-ranging cooperation with Russia in the field of defence and is guided by the Agreement on the Programme for Military Technical Cooperation.
- The Agreement for 2021-2031 was signed during the inaugural meeting of India-Russia 2+2 Dialogue which was held in Delhi in 2021.
- Bilateral projects include the supply of S-400, licensed production of T-90 tanks and Su-30 MKI, supply of MiG-29 and Kamov helicopters, production of Ak-203 rifles in India and BrahMos missiles, etc.
Science and technology cooperation:
- After India’s independence, the erstwhile Soviet Union’s assistance was crucial to the establishment of Bhilai Steel Plant, Indian Institute of Technology (Bombay) and India’s space program.
- Today, India and Russia work together on basic sciences, materials science, mathematics and cutting-edge areas like
  - India’s manned spaceflight program (Gaganyaan),
  - Nanotechnologies and
  - Quantum computing.
- India’s only nuclear power plant established with another country (Russia) is the Kudankulam Nuclear Plant in Tamil Nadu.
Education: Education is a major source for the Indian population in Russia. As per most recent data, there are around 25,000 Indian nationals of which a majority are Indian students studying medicine.
Cultural cooperation:
- In recent times, Indian cinema has begun to make a gradual comeback with more frequent film screenings across Russia.
- Yoga is immensely popular across Russia as well with very enthusiastic and large gatherings of participants each year on International Day of Yoga.

What is the way forward?

Over the years, as India has diversified its relationships in a multi-polar world, the India-Russia relationship has stagnated in some areas and atrophied in others.
To further strengthen the relationship between Both the nations there is need for;
- Providing a new basis for the existing defense cooperation;
- The opportunity for Indian business conglomerates to explore the economic viability of the Siberian and Far East Region of Russia;
- Strengthening geo-economic connectivity projects;
- Enhancing technological cooperation between India and Russia.

UNESCO DESIGNATES 11 NEW BIO-SPHERE RESERVES

Syllabus : GS3/Environment

Why in news : The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) has designated 11 new biosphere reserves, recognising their importance for conserving biodiversity and cultural heritage.

What is it about??

The new designations are in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Gambia, Italy, Mongolia, Philippines, South Korea and Spain.
Additionally, and for the first time, the list includes two transboundary reserves, spanning Belgium and the Netherlands, and Italy and Slovenia.
The 11 newly designated biosphere reserves are:
- Kempen-Broek Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (Belgium, Netherlands)
- Darien Norte Chocoano Biosphere Reserve (Colombia)
- Madre de las Aguas Biosphere Reserve (Dominican Republic)
- Niumi Biosphere Reserve (Gambia)
- Colli Euganei Biosphere Reserve (Italy)
- Julian Alps Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (Italy, Slovenia)
- Khar Us Lake Biosphere Reserve (Mongolia)
- Apayaos Biosphere Reserve (Philippines)
- Changnyeong Biosphere Reserve (South Korea)
- Val d’Aran Biosphere Reserve (Spain)
- Irati Biosphere Reserve (Spain).

What is the significance of Biosphere Reserve?

Biosphere reserves play an important scientific role, serving as a site for research and monitoring, providing valuable data and insights that can inform environmental management and policy decisions.
Furthermore, they help in achieving global development targets such as those set by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, inter alia, on protecting and restoring significant portions of the Earth’s ecosystems by 2030.
They also promote unique local sustainable development ideas, safeguard biodiversity, and combat climate change.

REGENERATIVE BRAKING AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RECOVERY METHOD

Syllabus : GS3/Environment, Science & Technology

What is Regenrative Braking System?

A regenerative braking system is a technology used in electric and hybrid vehicles to recover the kinetic energy of the vehicle that would otherwise be lost during braking.
- Braking is the mechanism by which an automotive vehicle in motion slows down.
- A vehicle moving faster has more kinetic energy than a vehicle moving slower, so the process of braking removes (mostly) kinetic energy from the vehicle.
- In the traditional braking systems, when the brakes are applied the kinetic energy from the vehicle is converted into heat, which is then dissipated into the environment.
In regenerative braking systems, instead of converting the kinetic energy into heat, it is converted into electrical energy which can then be stored in the vehicle’s battery for later use. This is done by using the electric motor in the vehicle which acts as a generator during the braking process.

How does Regenrative Braking System work?

Kinetic Energy Conversion: When a vehicle is in motion, it possesses kinetic energy. When the driver applies the brakes, the regenerative braking system starts working.
Motor as a Generator: The electric motor which normally drives the wheels, operates in reverse during braking. It starts acting as a generator, converting the vehicle’s kinetic energy into electrical energy.
Energy Storage: The electrical energy generated during braking is directed to the vehicle’s battery or a supercapacitor for storage.
Energy Reuse: The stored energy can be used later to power the vehicle, reducing the need to draw as much power from external sources and improving the vehicle’s overall efficiency.

What are the benefits of Regenrative Braking System?

Improved Energy Efficiency & reduced emissions: By recovering and reusing energy, regenerative braking reduces the overall energy consumption of the vehicle and reduces emission of heat.
Reduced Wear and Tear: Because regenerative braking reduces reliance on traditional friction brakes, it can decrease wear and tear on brake components, leading to lower maintenance costs.

What are the challenges of Regenrative Braking System?

Efficiency Variations: The efficiency of energy recovery decreases as the vehicle’s speed drops. (Lesser the speed of vehicle, lesser kinetic energy is available for conversion to electrical energy and storage)
Not a Complete Replacement: Regenerative braking often cannot bring a vehicle to a complete stop on its own and must be supplemented with conventional braking systems.

INTERNET ARCHIVE

Syllabus : GS3/ Science & Technology

Why in news : Internet Archive, parent of Wayback Machine, is facing a serious legal hurdle from book publishers

What is Internet Archive?

The Internet Archive is an American nonprofit digital library founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle.
It provides free access to collections of digitized materials including websites, software applications, music, audiovisual, and print materials.
The Archive also advocates for a free and open Internet.

What is the case against Internet Archive?

Many traditional publishers have alleged that Internet Archive violated their copyrights and illegally made their books available to the public, by scanning physical copies and distributing the digital files.
Traditional publishers were against IA’s temporary ‘National Emergency Library’ (NEL) initiative that it launched during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was to allow more users to access the e-books in its collection while physical libraries were locked down.
- During the NEL, IA lifted the technical controlsenforcing its one-to-one owned-to-loaned ratio and allowed up to ten thousand patrons at a time to borrow each e-book on the Website.
- In general, IA uses a system known as controlled digital learning’ to limit the number of people who can access an ebook.
- It ended its emergency library system after being hit with the lawsuit.
- Internet Archive used the doctrine of fair use to defend itself in the case, but this did not hold up.
Hachette vs Internet Archive Case (2020):
- Traditional publishers Hachette, HarperCollins, Wiley, and Penguin Random House sued Internet Archive.
- In 2023, an order was issued in favour of the publishers.
- The order stated: IA’s Website includes millions of public domain e-books that users can download for free and read without restrictions. However, the Website also includes 3.6 million books protected by valid copyrights.

What is Wayback Machine?

The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web founded by the Internet Archive in 1996 and launched to the public in 2001, it allows the user to go ‘back in time’ to see how websites looked in the past.
The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive.
Hundreds of billions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database.
There is a good chance of finding content such as old websites that no longer exist today, earlier versions of existing websites, deleted social media posts, archived versions of paywalled articles, and archived versions of content that is blocked or censored in some jurisdictions.
Wayback Machine is useful for personal research or to access information sources, but users should be cautious about relying on the data obtained through such sources, as the saved information can sometimes be outdated or inaccurate.
This has created more than 28 years of web historyaccessible through the Wayback Machine.
The platform claims users can explore over 866 billion saved web pages through its own search service.
‘Archive-It’ program identifies important web pages on the Internet Archive’s website.
- Archive-It: Created in early 2006, Archive-It is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives.
- Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons.
- Through a web application, Archive-It partners can search, catalogue, manage, browse, and view their archived collections.
- Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive’s general archive.
Not all web sites are available because many web site owners choose to exclude their sites.

July 10 2024

ROTATION OF EARTH’s CORE

Syllabus : GS1/Physical Geography

Why in the news : A research by scientists has revealed that the rotation speed of Earth’s core is slowing down and has even reversed, a phenomenon called ‘backtracking’

What is Earth’s Core?

The inner part of the planet can be divided into three different layers: crust, mantle, and core.
Earth’s core is the hottest part of the planet, equivalent to that of the Sun’s surface.
It is around 5,180 kilometers deep inside the Earth and consists mainly of iron and nickel.
The inner core is surrounded by a liquid metal outer core, which acts as a barrier with the rest of the Earth.
This barrier allows Earth’s core, like a hot solid ball of metal, to spin independently and not necessarily align with the rest of the planet.

What are the recent findings on Core Rotation?

According to a study published in the journal Nature in June 2023, data from seismograms of repeated earthquakes and explosions was studied.
It indicated that the rotation speed of Earth’s inner core has been decreasing relative to the Earth’s surface.
This new finding corroborates earlier claims made in 2023 that the core’s deceleration is part of a decades-long pattern of alternating periods of speeding up and slowing down.

What are the historical patterns of curve rotation?

The model proposed in 2023 describes the following pattern of the inner core’s rotation:
- Faster Rotation: In the past, the inner core rotated faster than the Earth’s crust.
- Synchronization: At some point, the core’s rotation speed matched that of the Earth’s rotation.
- Slowing Down: The core’s rotation speed began to decrease, eventually falling behind the rotation of the crust.
- Reversal: Most recently, the core’s rotation has slowed to the point where it has started to rotate in the reverse direction compared to the Earth’s surface.

What are the implication of Core Rotation?

The changes in the core’s rotation speed and direction have several potential implications:
- Geophysical Phenomena: Variations in the core’s rotation could influence geomagnetic fields, potentially affecting compass readings and navigation systems.
- Seismic Activity: Alterations in the inner core’s dynamics might impact the frequency and intensity of seismic activities, including earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
- Mantle and Crust Interaction: The interactions between the inner core, outer core, and mantle could lead to changes in heat distribution and convection currents, which in turn may affect plate tectonics.

UDAYGIRI KHANDAGIRI CAVES

Syllabus : GS1/Art & Culture

Why in news : The President of India, Droupadi Murmu visited Udayagiri caves, situated in Bhubaneswar, Odisha

About Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves?

The caves are situated on two adjacent hills, Udayagiri and Khandagiri mentioned as Kumari Parvata in the Hathigumpha inscription.
They have a number of finely carved caves built during the 1st century BCE.
Most of these caves were carved out as residential blocks for Jain ascetics during the reign of King Kharavela.
- Kharavela was a monarch of Kalinga in present-day Odisha, who ruled during the second or first century BCE.
- The kingdom of Kalinga was invaded by Ashoka in 262-261 BCE.
- The Hathigumpha inscription implies that Kalinga regained its independence from the Maurya Empire sometime after Ashoka’s death.
- Kharavela was born in an independent Kalinga.
The rock cutting activities continued till the time of the Somavamsis of tenth-eleventh century A.D.
Most of the caves consist of a row of cells with portions opening into the courtyard. The doorway of cells has pilasters on either side with crowning animal figures and arches, decorated with flowers, creepers and animal motifs.
Udayagiri means 18 caves while Khandagiri has 15 caves.
The caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri are called called lena or leṇa in the inscriptions.
The most important was Ranigumpha in Udayagiri which is a double storeyed monastery.
Other important caves include Hathi Gumpha, Ananta Gumpha, Ganesha Gumpha, Jaya Vijaya Gumpha, Mancapuri Gumpha, Bagha/ Vyaghra Gumpha and Sarpa Gumpha.
The Caves are also listed as one of the Adarsh Smarak Monument by Archaeological Survey of India.
- Under the Adarsh Smarak initiative, the selected places are provided with additional facilities like wi-fi, cafeteria, interpretation centre, Braille signages and illumination among other things.
- The scheme was launched in 2014 for providing improved visitor amenities, especially for the physically challenged.

Important Caves at Udayagiri :

Rani Gumpha ‘Cave of the Queen’:

(Rani Gumpha)

Rani Gumpha is the largest and most popular cave among the caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri.
This cave is double storeyed.
The upper portion of the central wing has relief images depicting the victory march of a king.
Many of the cells have carved Dwara Pala images.

Mancapuri and Swargapuri Gumpha:

(Mancapuri and Swargapuri)

Mancapuri and Swargapuri Gumpha are double storeyed.
Manchapuri cave depicts two male and two female figures worshipping the Kalinga Jina that Kharavela brought back from Magadha.
Kalinga Jina had been taken away from Kalinga by Mahapadmananda and its restoration was considered to be a great achievement of Kharavela.
There are three inscriptions: one inscription talks about the chief queen of Kharavela, and the other two refer to Kudepasiri, the successor of Kharavela and Badukha, the son or brother of Kudepasiri.

Ganesha Gumpha:

(Ganesha Gumpha)

The cave is named for the carved figure of Ganesha on the back of its right cell. It would have been carved in the later period.
The carved figures of Dwara Palas are found at the entrances.

Hathigumpha:

(Hathigumpha-1^st image; Inscription-2nd Image)

It is a large natural cave with an inscription carved out in Brahmi Script by King Kharavela which is the main source of information about him.
The cave is known as Hathi Gumpha due to its exquisite carvings of elephants.

INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF QUANTUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Syllabus : GS3/Science & Technology

Why in the news : The United Nations proclaimed 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ) to raise awareness about quantum science and technology).

What is Quantum Science?

Quantum science delves into the peculiar and counterintuitive behaviour of particles at the smallest scales.
Governments and private sectors worldwide are heavily investing in quantum technologies.

What are the applications of Quantum Science?

Quantum Computing: Quantum computers leverage quantum bits (qubits), which can exist in multiple states simultaneously, enabling computations at speeds exponentially faster than classical computers.
- Applications range from cryptography and materials science to complex simulations and optimization problems.
Quantum Sensors: These devices use quantum principles to achieve unprecedented levels of sensitivity and accuracy.
- Quantum sensors are poised to enhance fields like healthcare (through precise medical imaging), environmental monitoring (for detecting minute changes), and navigation (with ultra-precise positioning systems).
Quantum Communications: Quantum communication utilizes quantum entanglement to secure data transmission.

What are the challenges associated with Quantum Science?

The potential benefits of quantum S&T are immense, so too are the challenges.
Issues like the dual-use nature of quantum technologies, which can both advance and potentially undermine cybersecurity, necessitate careful ethical and regulatory frameworks.
Lack of case studies on the impact of responsible innovation frameworks in quantum S&T.
lack of access to talent and technologies

Quantum Technology in IndiaAcknowledging the potential of quantum computing, the Indian government has taken the following steps to promote an innovative ecosystem of Quantum Technology in India.National Quantum Mission: In 2023, this mission was approved by the government aiming to seed, nurture and scale up scientific and industrial research and create a vibrant and innovative ecosystem in Quantum Technology (QT) to accelerate QT-led economic growth and make India one of the leading nations in Quantum Technologies and Applications (QTA).Objectives:To develop quantum computers with 50-1000 qubits in 8 years on various platforms such as superconducting and photonic technology.To develop secure Satellite-based quantum communications between ground stations over 2000 kilometres range within India.To develop secure long-distance quantum communications with other countries.To develop inter-city quantum key distributionover a 2000 km range as well as multi-node Quantum networks.Focus:The focus of the mission would be on the development of magnetometers with high sensitivity in Atomic Clocks and atomic systems for precision timing, communications and navigation.And on the design and synthesis of various quantum materials such as superconductors, topological materials and novel semiconductor structures.Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs): It will be set up in top academic and National institutes in the domains of quantum Computing, Quantum Communication, Quantum Sensing and metrology and Quantum Materials and devices.Quantum research facility: The Indian Army established the Quantum Lab at the Military College of Telecommunication Engineering, Madhya Pradesh to spearhead research and training in the quantum field.QuEST: The Department of Science and Technology has launched the QuEST (Quantum-Enabled Science and Technology) initiative to lay out research facilities in the field of quantum technology.QSimToolkit: It is an indigenously developed toolkit that helps in learning and understanding the practical aspects of Quantum Computer to researchers and studentsIt provides a platform to acquire the skills of Quantum Code as well as designing real quantum hardware.Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT): a premier telecom research and development organization of India, has developed products in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and is continuing to pursue research in this area.Involvement of private sectors: Tech giants such as Google and IBM have dedicated programmes for quantum computing and its applications in India.Indian startups such as BosonQ, QRDLab and QpiAI, are also involved in developing quantum-based applications.

MATERNAL HEALTHCARE FOR THE TRIBAL POPULATION

Syllabus : GS2/Health

Why in the news : Recently a study on Gujarat’s tribal population analyzed how geographical location and factors such as time and distance determine access to maternal healthcare facilities for the community.

What is the background?

In 2023, a United Nations report showed that India was among the 10 countries that together accounted for 60% of global maternal deaths, stillbirths and newborn deaths.
India accounted for over 17% of such deaths in 2020, followed by Nigeria (12%) and Pakistan (10%).

What are the challenges associated with the tribal maternal healthcare facilities?

Remote Locations: Many tribal communities live in remote, hard-to-reach areas with poor infrastructure. This makes it difficult for pregnant women to access healthcare facilities in a timely manner.
Transportation constraints: Social norms and limited resources often prevent women, especially in rural areas, from using personal vehicles, and there is limited public transportation available.
Limited healthcare Professionals: A lack of trained healthcare professionals willing to work in remote and tribal areas severely limit access to quality care.
Awareness: Due to geographical isolation, there is lack of awareness about the importance of maternal healthcare, which results in underutilization of available services.
Discrimination: Tribal populations often face discrimination and stigma within the healthcare system, leading to feelings of alienation and reluctance to seek care.

Government initiativesThe ASHA programme guidelines provide for recruitment of ASHA at habitation level in hilly, tribal and difficult areas.Government of India is supporting states in implementation of National Ambulances Services under National Health Mission (NHM) for free transportation of sick patients to the health facilities.All tribal majority districts whose composite health index is below the State average have been identified as High Priority Districts (HPDs) and these districts receive more resources per capita under the NHM as compared to the rest of the districts in the State.The Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA), provides antenatal care free of cost to pregnant women on 9th of every month. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3.1 and 3.2 aim to improve maternal and child health (MCH) outcomes and ensure access to quality healthcare services.

Way Forward :

Mobile Health Clinics: Deploying more mobile health clinics to reach remote tribal populations and provide essential maternal healthcare services.
Community Health Workers: Training local community health workers who understand the language and culture of tribal populations to provide maternal healthcare services and education.
Improving Infrastructure: Developing better transportation and healthcare infrastructure in remote areas to ensure easier access to healthcare facilities.
Policy Advocacy: Advocating for policies that specifically address the healthcare needs of tribal populations and ensure their effective implementation.

PRELIMS

WORLD’s OLDEST CAVE PAINTINGS

Recently ,Scientists have discovered World’s oldest cave paintings.

Until now, the oldest-known cave painting was one at Leang Tedongnge cave, also in Sulawesi, from at least 45,500 years ago.

About the painting

The cave painting was found on the ceiling of Leang Karampuang cave in the Maros-Pangkep region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
It depicts three human-like figures interacting with a wild pig, painted in dark red pigment.
Scientists used a new dating method involving laser technology to date calcium carbonate crystals that formed over the painting.
- The painting has been determined to be at least 51,200 years old, making it the oldest confidently dated cave art discovered.

Narrative Interpretation: Researchers interpret the painting as a narrative scene, potentially the oldest-known evidence of storytelling through art.

Implications:

Another Sulawesi
cave painting at Leang Bulu’ Sipong 4, depicting hunting scenes, was also re-dated to at least 48,000 years old.
These discoveries predate European cave art, challenging previous assumptions about the birthplace of cave art and human storytelling.
It underscores the importance of Southeast Asia as a pivotal region in the history of human cultural development.
It opens new avenues for understanding the cultural and cognitive evolution of early humans through their artistic expressions.

KALLAKKADAL PHENOMENON :

The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), sounded alert, as the coastal areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu are likely to experience the ‘kallakkadal’ phenomenon.

Kallakkadal phenomenon

Kallakkadal is a term used for the flooding events caused by Swell Waves.
UNESCO formally accepted term “Kallakkadal” for scientific use in 2012.

Swell Waves

They are high sea waves that are formed by an ocean swell. Ocean swells occur due to distant storms like hurricanes and not due to the local winds.
During such storms, huge energy transfer takes place from the air into the water, leading to the formation of very high waves.
Such waves can travel thousands of kilometers from the storm center.

ZOMBIE STARTUPS

Zombie startups have become a common scenario today.

About Zombie startups

Zombie startups are ventures that have failed to scale or achieve sustainable growth.
They are characterized by stagnant growth and dwindling resources.
- They may struggle to attract new investment or generate revenue, relying heavily on existing funds that diminish over time.

They can distort market dynamics by occupying space and resources that could be allocated to more viable ventures, potentially slowing overall ecosystem growth.
They may be a modern challenge, but with proactive measures and collective effort, they can serve as valuable lessons in the ongoing journey of entrepreneurial innovation.

BIRLESTIK-2024

Recently, Central Asian countries have held ‘Birlestik-2024’, joint drills with land, naval and air forces, for the first time without regional powers Russia and China.

About the Birlestik-2024 Exercise (aka Union 2024)

It is a joint military exercise, currently underway in the Mangistau region of Kazakhstan, involving the armed forces of several Central Asian countries, aimingto enhance cooperation, interoperability, and readiness.
It focuses on joint planning, tactical maneuvers, and coordination among the participating forces.
Participating Nations are Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, while Turkmenistan is absent.
- The Caucasus country of Azerbaijan is also participating, while Russia, traditionally dominant in the area, is fighting in Ukraine.

These countries regularly take part in drills with the two most influential major powers in this strategic region: with Russia as part of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation and with China as part of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

Significance

The Birlestik-2024 exercise serves as a platform for building stronger regional security partnerships.
It fosters mutual understanding, promotes peace, and prepares the armed forces to respond effectively to various security challenges.

About Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve:Location: It is spread across Sagar, Damoh, and Narsinghpur districts of Madhya Pradesh.

Covering an expansive area of 2,339 square kilometres, it encompasses areas within the Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary and Durgavati Wildlife Sanctuary.

It is the seventh tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh.

Hjunvgbh It is named for Rani Durgavati, the queen of the Gondi people.

The reserve also boasts a diverse landscape, with hills, valleys, rivers, streams, waterfalls, and grasslands.

Rivers: It straddles parts of the Narmada and Yamuna River basins.

The Singorgarh Fort is located within the reserve.

July 11, 12 2024

A CASE FOR CASTE BASED CENSUS

Syllabus : GS2/Governance

Why in the news : DMK Leader has called for a Caste Based Census, condemning the govt policies.

What is the timeline for the case of caste based census?

Post-Independence:

Union of India after Independence, decided as a matter of policy not to enumerate caste wise populations other than SCs and STs.
Thus, India’s largest caste bloc – Other Backward Classes – have not figured in any census from 1951-2011.
There is no proper estimate for the population of OBCs, various groups within the OBCs, and others.
In 1961, the GOI advised States to conduct their own surveys and draw up State-specific OBC lists if they so desired.

Aftermath of Mandal Commission:

In 1979, Mandal commission (Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission) suggested expansion of affirmative action to include other backward classes.
OBCs, as per 1931 census, amounted to 52% of Indian population. Based on which a 27% reservation was given to the OBCs in 1990.
Later there appeared demand for introducing the OBC category in the decennial census to count them.

Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011:

SECC 2011 was the first caste-based census since 1931.
It was conducted by the Ministry of rural development (MoRD) and Ministry of housing and urban poverty alleviation in rural and urban areas respectively.
This was the first time such a comprehensive exercise has been carried out for both rural and urban India, which included caste-wise population data.
2011 SECC data, excluding the caste data, was finalized and published by the government.
Demand being raised to enumerate castes as part of Census 2021 itself. To make available authentic data on caste-wise population and their socio-economic conditions.

What is the need for a Caste based Census?

Social imperative : Caste continues to be a foundational social construct in India. Only about 5% of Indian marriages were inter-caste as of 2011-12. The use of caste surnames and caste marks is still widespread. Residential segregation by caste persists. Choices of candidates for elections and ministers for Cabinets continue to be dictated by caste considerations.
Legal imperative : Constitutionally-mandated policies of social justice which include reservations in electoral constituencies, education and public employment cannot be pursued effectively without detailed caste-wise data. Even though the Constitution uses the word class instead of caste, various rulings of the Supreme Court have held caste as a ‘relevant criterion’, ‘sole criterion’ or ‘dominant criterion’ for defining a backward class, and have demanded detailed caste-wise data for upholding reservation policies.
Administrative imperative : Detailed caste-wise data is necessary to avoid/correct wrongful inclusions of undeserving castes and exclusions of deserving castes, and to guard against a few dominant castes in a reserved category crowding out others. It is also needed for sub-categorising castes within a reserved category and to determine the income/wealth criterion for the creamy layer.
Moral imperative: The absence of detailed caste-wise data has helped a coterie of elites, among upper castes and dominant Other Backward Classes (OBCs), to corner a disproportionate share of the nation’s assets, incomes, and positions of power. Such a situation leads to the demands of OBC subcategorization for ensuring a more equitable distribution of benefits. – The Justice Rohini Commission is working on sub-categorization within OBCs to address this issue.
Estimate change in demography: The current reservations and welfare schemes for OBCs (Other Backward Classes) are based on population estimates from the 1931 census. Since then, India’s demographic landscape has significantly changed. A caste-based census can provide updated data to ensure that policies and schemes are aligned with the current population dynamics.
Rationalize Reservation Policy: Land fragmentation and agricultural stagnation have turned many upper-caste landowners into marginal farmers, while rising rural wages have benefited some backward classes, including Dalits. This shift necessitates a review and rationalization of the reservation policy. Accurate data can ensure that reservations are based on the current socio-economic realities of different castes. For example, the Patidar agitation in Gujarat and the Jat agitation in Haryana highlight the demand for reservations based on contemporary socio-economic conditions
Assess impact of Affirmative action: A socio-economic caste census can help assess the impact of reservations on OBCs and identify the relative deprivation of some castes. This assessment can inform future policy decisions and ensure that affirmative action achieves its intended goals. For example, data from such a census could reveal whether reservations have improved educational and employment outcomes for specific OBC groups.

What are the arguments against the Caste based Census?

Reinforces Caste Identities: Enumerating castes in a census might reinforce the caste identities prevalent in society, which could perpetuate social divisions. For instance, identifying individuals by caste in official documents could entrench these identities and exacerbate caste-based discrimination.
Vote bank politics: Caste-wise data could be used as a tool for caste-based political mobilization, leading to vote bank politics. Politicians might exploit this data to garner support from specific caste groups, undermining the broader goals of social cohesion and national integration. For example, political parties might promise caste-specific benefits to secure votes, leading to divisive politics.
New demands for Reservation: Numbers about OBCs might provide a new issue for regional parties to pressure the central government for an OBC quota in central government jobs and educational institutions. This could lead to increased demands for reservations, potentially beyond the current 50% cap. For instance, if the census reveals a higher OBC population, it could lead to demands for a higher reservation quota, as seen with the recent protests by various communities.
Federal concerns: According to the 7th Schedule of the Constitution, the census is under the domain of the Union government. State governments conducting their own caste censuses could be against the constitutional spirit and create conflicts between the center and states. For example, the Bihar government’s decision to conduct its own caste census led to debates on constitutional propriety and federal authority.

INDUS WATER TREATY

Syllabus : GS2/IR

Why in news : India has called for amendments to the agreement last year due to its dissatisfaction with the dispute resolution process.

About Indus Water Treaty?

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) is an agreement signed on September 19, 1960, between India and Pakistan concerning the sharing of waters from the Indus River and its tributaries.
The treaty was brokered by the World Bank (then known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) to resolve disputes over the use of the Indus River system, which spans both countries and is crucial for irrigation, hydropower, and other purposes.

What is the need for sharing the water resources?

Geographical Context:
- The waters of the Indus system of rivers begin mainly in Tibet and the Himalayan mountains in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. They flow through the states of Punjab and Sindh before emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi and Kori Creek in Gujarat.
Partition Impact
- The partition of British India, based on religion not on geography basis, created a conflict over the waters of the Indus basin. The newly formed states were at odds over how to share and manage what was essentially a cohesive and unitary network of irrigation.
- Furthermore, the geography of partition was such that the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India. Pakistan felt its livelihood threatened by the prospect of Indian control over the tributaries that fed water into the Pakistani portion of the basin. Where India certainly had its own ambitions for the profitable development of the basin, Pakistan felt acutely threatened by a conflict over the main source of water for its cultivable land.
Agriculture Dominance:
- Irrigation and cultivation in the Indus plains are central to both economies. The Indus is responsible for over 90% of Pakistan’s agricultural output and accounts for 25 per cent of the GDP. Given the ballooning population and corresponding consumption, deteriorating water quality poses an additional threat to food and nutritional security, human health and biodiversity.

How does the treaty work?

Eastern rivers: Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej were allocated to India for unrestricted use.
Western rivers: Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab were allocated largely to Pakistan. India is permitted certain agricultural uses and can build ‘run of the river’ hydropower projects with limited storage.
Permanent Indus Commission (PIC): Commissioners are appointed by both countries for cooperation and information exchange regarding their use of the rivers.
The treaty provides a 3-tier dispute resolution mechanism:
- PIC is the first stage.
- A neutral expert is the second stage.
- The Court of Arbitration is the third stage.
IWT does not have a unilateral exit provision: The treaty is supposed to remain in force unless both countries ratify another mutually agreed pact.

TECHNOLOGICAL UPGRADATION FOR MSMEs

Syllabus : GS3/Economy

Why in the news : the Union Minister for MSMEs gave six pillars as focus areas for the growth of the MSME sector and its green transition.

What are the identified areas?

The areas identified are;

Formalization and access to credit,
Increased access to market and e-commerce adoption,
Higher productivity through modern technology, enhanced skill levels and digitalisation in the service sector,
Support to Khadi, Village, and Coir industry to globalize them, and
Empowerment of women and artisans, through enterprise creation.

What are MSMEs?

MSMEs or Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises are businesses that are defined by their investment and turnover levels.
They are considered an important sector of the economy as they create jobs, generate income, and promote entrepreneurship.

What is the significance of MSMEs (in economical sense)?

Contribution in Economy: MSMEs are often called the backbone of the Indian economy; they account for more than 11 crore jobs and contribute around 27% of India’s GDP.
Employment Generation: The sector consists of around 6.4 crore MSMEs , with 1.5 crore of them registered on the Udyam portal and employs around 23% of the Indian labor force, making it the second-largest employer in India after agriculture.
Output and Exports: They account for 38.4% of the total manufacturing output and contribute 45.03% of the country’s total exports.

What are the challenges faced by MSMEs?
Access to Finance: MSMEs struggle to secure capital due to a lack of collateral, limited credit history, or inadequate access to formal financial institutions.
Bureaucratic Red Tape: Navigating complex regulations and bureaucratic procedures can be time-consuming and costly for MSMEs, often diverting resources away from core business activities.
Increased Competition: MSMEs face stiff competition from larger, more established companies that have greater resources and market influence.
Lack of Technological knowledge: Many MSMEs lack the technical expertise needed to modernize their operations, adopt new technologies, and stay competitive in the market.
Marketing and Networking Opportunities: Limited resources and networks prevent MSMEs from effectively marketing their products and services, making it difficult to reach new customers and grow their businesses.
Lack of Formalization: Many MSMEs operate informally or are unregistered, which limit their access to government support, financial services, and other benefits that are available to formally registered businesses.

WHAT ARE THE INITIATIVES OF GOVT?MSME Champions scheme: The objective of the scheme is to modernize MSMEs’ manufacturing processes, reduce wastages, encourage innovativeness, sharpen business competitiveness and facilitate their National and Global reach and excellence.Udyam Registration: It is an online registration process to simplify the registration of MSMEs. The primary objective is to provide MSMEs with a streamlined process to avail themselves of various benefits and incentives offered by the government. Section 15 of the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006, and newly enacted Section 43B(h) of the Income-tax Act says that businesses must pay these MSME Registered Enterprises within 15 days, or up to 45 days if they have an agreement.Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE): This scheme provides collateral-free credit to micro and small enterprises through a credit guarantee mechanism.

What are some of the suggestions?
For MSMEs to sustain and grow in the current challenging situation, the non-performing asset (NPA) timeline must be extended to 180 days from 90 days. It will provide relief to the sector as many MSMEs are struggling because of this.
The Interest Equalisation Scheme which supports exports must be extended for a period of five years.
For the textile and garment sector, which is dominated by MSMEs, the Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products and Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies schemes should be extended for another five years for the sector.
Therefore, with schemes that provide funds for infrastructure creation, technology upgradation and climate change adaptation, the MSME sector will be able to contribute even more for the economy.

THIRTY METRE TELESCOPE

Syllabus : GS3/Science & Tech

Why in news :Recently, Indian scientists developed an open-source tool to generate infrared star catalogue for Thirty Meter Telescope.

About Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves?

It is a groundbreaking international scientific project that aims to revolutionise our understanding of the universe.
It will be the world’s most advanced ground-based optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared observatory.
It integrates cutting-edge innovations in precision control, segmented mirror design, and adaptive optics.
At its core lies a segmented mirror composed of 492 individual hexagonal segments, forming a single light-collecting surface.

What are its key features?

Mirror Size: When operational, the TMT’s light-collecting primary mirror will be the largest in the Northern Hemisphere. Its 30-metre mirror surpasses other planned extremely large telescopes.
Segmented Mirror: The mirror consists of 492 hexagonal segments, each measuring 1.4 metres. These segments work together to create a powerful light-gathering surface.
Location: The TMT is proposed to be built on Mauna Kea, an iconic site on the island of Hawaiʻi.
- Mauna Kea’s high altitude and clear skies make it an ideal location for astronomical observations.

What is its key Mission and Values?

TMT operates based on the values of respect, inclusion, and mutual stewardship. It embraces a community model of astronomy, recognizing its responsibility to support and engage with local communities.
The observatory seeks to advance scientific knowledge while fostering connections among partner countries and their citizens, representing over half the world’s population.

What are its future prospects?

As the TMT project progresses, it promises groundbreaking discoveries across various fields of astronomy.
Its segmented mirror technology, adaptive optics, and precise control systems will enable unprecedented observations of distant galaxies, exoplanets, and cosmic phenomena.
India is a key partner in the TMT project, with India TMT Center at Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) leading the national collaboration.

PRELIMS

FINANCIAL INCLUSION INDEX
The Financial inclusion index, capturing the extent of financial inclusion across the country, rose to 64.2 in March 2024, showing growth across all parameters.

What is RBI’s financial inclusion index?
In 2021, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) launched a Financial Inclusion Index (FI-Index) to track the process of ensuring access to financial services, timely and adequate credit for vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low-income groups at an affordable cost.

The index incorporates the details of banking, investment, insurance, postal, and pension sectors in consultation with government and respective sector regulators.

The FI-Index has been constructed without any ‘base year’. The FI-Index is published annually in July.

Range and Parameters of FI-Index
– The index captures information on various aspects of financial inclusion in a single value ranging between 0 and 100, where 0 represents complete financial exclusion and 100 indicates full financial inclusion.
– The FI-Index comprises three broad parameters, access (35%), usage (45%), and quality (20%),with each of these consisting of various dimensions, which are computed based on a number of indicators.

ISRAEL’s HANNIBAL DIRECTIVE
As Hamas raided southern Israel, the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) activated the “Hannibal Directive”.
About
– The Hannibal Procedure or Hannibal Protocol, is an Israeli military policy that stipulates the use of maximum force in the event of a soldier being kidnapped
– The use of force is carried out even at the risk of killing a captive soldier.
– The doctrine was formulated as a response to the Jibril Agreement of 1985 in which 1,150 Palestinian prisoners were exchanged for three Israelis who had been seized in Lebanon by the Syria-based militant group Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC).

July 13 2024

PERSONAL LAWS WITH RESPECT TO CrPC

Syllabus : GS2/Governance

Why in the news : Division bench of Supreme Court has held that a Muslim woman is entitled to seek maintenance from her husband under Section 125 of the CrPC, a secular legislation even if they were divorced under religious personal law.

What is Maintenance?

It is an amount payable by the husband to the wife (or wife to husband) who is unable to maintain herself either during the marriage or after divorce.
Maintenance should include basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter and cover rational needs to lead a normal living and to ensure financial sustenance and wellbeing.

What are the laws that govern Maintenance?

Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986
Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 Indian Divorce Act, 1869
Special Marriage Act,1954
Criminal Procedure Code, Section 125, 1973.

What is the Section 125 CrPC?

If any person having sufficient means; neglects or refuses to maintain, his wife (including divorced woman who has not remarried) who is unable to maintain herself, and his legitimate or illegitimate child or a child with physical or mental abnormality, a magistrate can pass order to make a monthly allowance for the maintenance of his wife or child.

What is the reasoning behind the provision of maintenance?

It is a statutory right to seek maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC which is embedded in the text, structure, and philosophy of the Constitution. Article 15(3), read with Article 39(e) manifests a constitutional commitment towards special measures to ensure a life of dignity for women at all stages of their lives.
It is supposed to be irrespective of the faith a woman belongs to (in this case a Muslim woman)
Maintenance is considered as a critical source of support for the destitute, deserted and deprived sections of women.
Constitutional philosophy of social justice seeks to liberate the Indian wife, including a divorced woman, from the shackles of gender-based discrimination, disadvantage, and deprivation.

IMPORTANT JUDGEMENTS IN THIS REGARD :— Shah Bano Case (1985): The Supreme Court ruled that a Muslim woman was entitled to maintenance under Section 125 of CrPC, raising controversy and leading to the enactment of Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986.— Danial Latifi Case (2001): The Supreme Court interpreted the 1986 Act in a manner consistent with Section 125 of CrPC. The court held that a Muslim woman is entitled to a reasonable and fair provision and maintenance, and this should be provided during the iddat period and should be sufficient to sustain her for future. Essentially, it upheld that the 1986 Act does not take away the right to maintenance under Section 125 of CrPC beyond the iddat period but ensures a lump sum or appropriate provision for the woman’s future during the iddat period itself.— Md. Abdul Samad vs Telangana: A Muslim divorced wife is entitled to maintenance under Section 125 CrPC irrespective of her personal law, moreover, Muslim women, who are divorced through the illegal method of triple talaq, are also entitled to claim maintenance under Section 125 CrPC.

NITI AAYOG’s SDG INDIA INDEX

Syllabus : GS2/Governance

Why in the news : According to the NITI Aayog’s 4th edition of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) India Index 2023-24, India’s overall Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) score increased to 71 in 2023-24, compared to 66 in 2020-21.

What is the SDC India Index?

The SDG India Index, which evaluates progress made across 16 goals on a scale of 1 to 100, and if a State/UT achieves a score of 100, it signifies it has achieved the targets. The higher the score of a State/UT, the greater the distance covered to the target.
Assesses sustainable development across states on the basis of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).
The latest SDG India Index, now in its fourth edition since its inception in 2018, uses 113 indicators to evaluate the performance of each state aligned to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation’s (MoSPI) National Indicator Framework (NIF).

What are the key findings of the report?

Overall SDG score for the country is 71 for 2023-24, significant improvement from 66 in 2020-21 and 57 in 2018.
Kerala and Uttarakhand as the best performing states with a score of 79 points each followed by Tamil Nadu, Goa and Himachal Pradesh , while Bihar emerged as a laggard with 57 points, followed by Jharkhand at 62 points. While Chandigarh took the top spot among Union Territories.
Significant progress in Goals 1 (No Poverty), 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), 13 (Climate Action) and 15 (Life on Land)
Goal 13 (Climate Action) records highest increase in score from 54 in 2020-21 to 67 in 2023-24 followed by Goal 1 (No Poverty) from 60 to 72
While goals like “Gender Equality” (Goal 5) and “Peace, Justice, and Strong Institution” (Goal 16) saw the smallest increase in points.
Gender Equality goal received the lowest score of 49 points among all goals, recording a marginal increase of 1 point from 2020-21.
“Reduced Inequalities” (Goal 10) was the only goal to record a reduction in points to 65 in 2022-23 from 67 in 2020-21.

DEEP DRILLING IN KOYNA

Syllabus : GS1/Geography

Why in the news : Recently, the Union Ministry of Earth Science decided scientific deep drilling in the Koyna region of Maharashtra, aiming for an indispensable progress in the earth sciences.

What is the Koyna-Warna region?

It is a region nestled in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, and has been prone to earthquakes.
Since the impoundment of the Shivaji Sagar Lake (better known as the Koyna Dam) in 1962, this area has experienced recurrent seismic activity.
These earthquakes are particularly intriguing because they occur within the interior of tectonic plates, away from the well-known plate boundaries.
Earthquakes are the sudden, powerful shifts in our planet’s crust—remain enigmatic phenomena.

What is the role of Scientific Deep-Drilling?

It involves strategically boring boreholes into the Earth’s crust to observe and analyze its deeper layers.
It provides unique insights into various aspects of our planet, including earthquakes.
Countries like the United States, Russia, and Germany have previously undertaken such projects, and now India joins their ranks.

India’s Borehole Geophysics Research Laboratory (BGRL)—It was established by the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences in Karad, Maharashtra.It aims to execute India’s sole scientific deep-drilling program, currently working on their ambitious goal, i.e. drill down to a depth of 6 kilometers (that’s roughly 3.7 miles) in the Koyna-Warna region.

Why are the drills so deep?

Reservoir-Triggered Earthquakes: The Koyna Dam’s impoundment significantly altered the stress distribution in the Earth’s crust.
As water fills the reservoir during monsoons and releases afterward, it affects the underlying rocks.
This dynamic loading and unloading provide a unique opportunity to study reservoir-triggered earthquakes.
Understanding Earthquake Mechanisms: By reaching depths of 6 kilometers, scientists hope to directly observe the active fault zone responsible for seismic activity.
It can help us better understand the mechanisms behind earthquakes and potentially improve prediction models.
Expanding Our Geological Knowledge: Beyond earthquakes, deep-drilling allows us to explore rock types, energy resources, climate change patterns, and even the evolution of life.

What techniques are used at the Koyna Pilot Borehole?

The Koyna borehole employs a Hybrid Approach, combining two well-established drilling techniques: Rotary Mud Drilling and Percussion Drilling Techniques (also known as Air Hammering).
The Koyna borehole rig is versatile, capable of both mud rotary and air hammering techniques.
The choice of technique depends on site-specific factors, such as rock type, fractures, and the need for core samples.
Core Samples: Collecting core samples from geological fault zones is crucial for earthquake studies.

INDIA-AUSTRIA RELATOINS

Syllabus : GS2/IR

Why in the news : Recently, the Prime Minister paid an official visit to Austria.

What is it about?

This was the Prime Minister’s first visit to Austria and that of an Indian Prime Minister after 41 years.
This year marks the 75th year of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
India and Austria have agreed to a future-oriented “bilateral sustainable economic and technology partnership”.
The Prime Minister’s visit to Vienna, accompanying Foreign Minister and National Security Advisor, signals a robust intent to deepen and broaden bilateral ties.

Overview of the bilateral relations:

Political Relations: Diplomatic relations between India and Austria were established in 1949.
- In 1953, India intervened in favour of Austria during its negotiations with the Soviet Union on the State Treaty of Austria that resulted in the independence of Austria in 1955.
- The relationship between India and Austria has historically been cordial, yet underexplored.
Economic Relations: India is now considered one of Austria’s most important trading partners outside the EU, with a trade volume of EUR 2.7 billion.
- Austrian direct investment in India amounted to EUR 733 million at the end of 2023, while Indian investment in Austria recently reached EUR 1.6 billion.
- The new EU Commission wants to negotiate a free trade agreement with India during this term.
- Such an agreement would not only facilitate access to the EU common market but would also expand regulated labour migration to Austria.
Space: Austria’s first two satellites TUGSAT-1/BRITE and UniBRITE were launched by India’s PSLV–C20 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

AustriaAustria is a largely mountainous landlocked country of south-central Europe.Together with Switzerland, it forms what has been characterized as the neutral core of Europe.It is bordered to the north by the Czech Republic, to the northeast by Slovakia, to the east by Hungary, to the south by Slovenia, to the southwest by Italy, to the west by Switzerland and Liechtenstein, and to the northwest by Germany.

What is the analysis of their bilateral relation ?

India has played a very important and mediating role on the world stage in the recent past, particularly at the recent G20 Summit.
India continues to navigate a delicate balance between the West and Russia, positioning itself as a bridge-builder between the East and West. This strategy is crucial for India, particularly in asserting itself against China.
In this context, Austria serves as a strategic destination for India in Europe, maintaining neutrality since 1955, with historical ties to both the Soviet Union and Russia.
Despite ongoing tensions, Austria’s relations with Russia remain economically significantdue to substantial Russian investments, heavy reliance on Russian gas, and extensive financial networks.
In the Global South, India holds a unique and credible position, further enhancing its role as a mediator on the global stage.

What is the way forward /

Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Austria offers a significant opportunity to strengthen bilateral relations.
The India-Middle East-Europe corridor will open additional trade routes, including to Austria, thus strengthening economic and trade ties.
These developments offer a wide range of opportunities for cooperation in the areas of technology, sustainable development and trade, from which both countries can benefit in the long term.

PRELIMS

AHOM MOIDAMS Recently, the Ahom era ‘Moidams’ in Assam’s Charaideo district, were recommended for UNESCO World Heritage status.

About the Ahom ‘Moidams’ — The term ‘Moidam’ refers to the ancient mound-burial system of the Ahom Dynasty, which ruled over Assam in northeastern India. These Moidams serve as the final resting places for Ahom royalty, preserving not only their mortal remains but also the cherished objects associated with them.
Charaideo Necropolis are pyramid-like structures that silently narrate the saga of Ahom royalty, their legacies, and the passage of time, situated on elevated land.
UNESCO Recommendation — The international advisory body International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS ) recommended the inclusion of Ahom ‘Moidams’ in the prestigious UNESCO World Heritage List.
ICOMOS evaluated a total of 36 nominations globally, including 19 new ones. Among these, the Ahom Moidam stood out as India’s sole applicant.
It marks a crucial step toward formal recognition by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Basis for Recommendation —ICOMOS recommended the inscription of Moidams on the World Heritage List based on Criteria (III) and (IV):
Criterion (III): Moidams bear exceptional testimony to the Ahom cultural tradition and civilization, which has both lived and disappeared over time.
Criterion (IV): They represent outstanding examples of a specific type of architectural ensemble—namely, the mound-burial system—that reflects significant stages in human history.

CERT-In

Two key ministries, Information Technology and Home Affairs, are making a strong pitch for the ownership of Computer Emergency Response Team (Cert-In), the country’s nodal cybersecurity watchdog.
At present, Cert-In comes under the administrative control of the IT Ministry.
- About the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) —It is an office, established in 2004, within the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology of the Government of India.It’s the national nodal agency for handling computer security incidents.

It is dedicated to preventing, detecting, and responding to cybersecurity incidents.
It plays a crucial role in incident reporting and alerting organizations about malware. Its technical expertise is invaluable in safeguarding India’s digital infrastructure.

Why do CERTs Matter?

Rapid Response: When a cyber attack strikes, time is of the essence. CERTs leap into action, minimizing damage and restoring order.
Collaboration: They’re not lone wolves. CERTs collaborate globally, sharing threat intel and best practices. It’s like a digital Avengers team-up.
Prevention: CERTs help us stay one step ahead. Their alerts and guidelines keep us informed and secure.
Key Players Involved and Associated Challenges —Information Technology (IT) Ministry:Currently, CERT-In operates under the administrative umbrella of the IT Ministry.The Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008, designated CERT-In to serve as the national agencyto perform key functions in the area of cybersecurity including the collection, analysis and dissemination of information on cyber incidents; forecast and alerts of such events; prescribing emergency measures for handling them; and coordinating cyber incident response activities, among other things.
Home Affairs Ministry (MHA): The MHA, with its broader law enforcement mandate, believes that bringing CERT-In directly under its control would enhance investigative capabilities in cyberspace.

July 14, 15 2024

HYPERLOOP TECHNOLOGY

Syllabus : GS3/Science & Technology

Why in the news : Indian Institute of Technology, Madras plans to host global college level hyperloop competition in February 2025. This will be the first time that such a competition will be hosted in India, usually such as competition is organised in USA or EU.

What is Hyperloop Technology?

Hyperloop is an ultra-high speed ground transportation system for passengers and cargo.
First proposed by Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX.
Hyperloop systems consists of a low-pressure or vacuum network of tubes through which capsules may travel free or very less friction and air resistance at a high speed.
Magnetic Levitation: The basic principle behind the operation of Hyperloop technology is magnetic levitation which states that the vehicle can be suspended and propelled on a guidance track made with magnets.

How does Hyperloop Technology work?

Tubes: Hyperloop systems involve near-vacuum tubes that significantly reduce air resistance.
Pods: Vehicles, or pods, travel within these tubes, either floating using magnetic levitation (maglev) or on air bearings, to minimize friction.
Propulsion: Electric propulsion moves the pods through the tubes, enabling them to reach speeds of up to 700 miles per hour (approximately 1126 kilometers per hour).

What are the advantages of Hyperloop Technology?

Fast Travel Times: Could significantly reduce travel times between major cities.
Sustainability: Has the potential for lower carbon emissions compared to traditional modes of transport.
Reduced Traffic Congestion: Could alleviate pressure on crowded transportation networks.

What are its associated challenges?

Technological Feasibility: Still in development, with significant engineering hurdles to overcome, especially concerning maintaining a vacuum over long distances and ensuring passenger safety at high speeds.
High Costs: Initial construction and development costs are substantial.
Regulatory and Safety Concerns: Requires comprehensive regulatory frameworks and safety protocols due to its novelty and operational speeds.

MAHARASHTRA SPECIAL PUBLIC SECURITY BILL

Syllabus : GS3/Security, Left Wing Extremism

Why in the news : Recently, Maharashtra introduced the Maharashtra Special Public Security (MSPC) Bill, 2024, aimed to deal with the ‘increasing presence of Naxalism in urban centres’.

About :

Naxalism, a left-wing extremist movement, has long been associated with rural and forested regions. Naxal affected areas in India are known as the ‘Red Corridor’.
Naxalites seek to overthrow the State through violent means, and openly proclaim lack of faith in the democratic means of ballot and adhere to the violence as a means of achieving their ends.
Causes of Naxalism include marginalisation, support base like landless, share-croppers, agricultural labour, harijans and tribals, Forest Management and Livelihood of Tribal, and Lack of Development.
Naxalites possess challenges that include vulnerability to external threats, impediments to economic development, additional expenses on internal security, and adverse impact on governance, and service delivery.
However, its presence has also extended to urban centres, posing unique challenges for law enforcement agencies.

What is the Maharashtra Special Public Security (MPSC) Bill, 2024?

Target Audience: It specifically targets individuals in urban areas who are involved in activities related to Naxalism, which includes those who spread Naxal ideology, recruit new members, and provide logistical support (such as supplying arms) to Naxal groups.
Frontal Organisations: The Bill acknowledges that Naxalism is not confined to remote regions; it has infiltrated urban areas through Naxal frontal organisations.
These organisations offer safe havens and logistical support to armed Naxal cadres. The bill aims to control the unlawful activities of such groups through legal means.
Increased Powers for Law Enforcement: If enacted, the MSPC Bill would empower law enforcement agencies to take more decisive action against Naxalism in urban centres. It seeks to strengthen their ability to combat Naxal activities, disrupt networks, and prevent violence.

What are the main provisions of the Bill?

The Bill gives the government the power to declare any suspect ‘organisation’ as an ‘unlawful organisation’.
It prescribes four offences for which an individual can be punished:

for being a member of an unlawful organisation
when not a member, for raising funds for an unlawful organisation
for managing or assisting in managing an unlawful organisation and,
for committing an ‘unlawful activity’.

Comparison of UAPA and the MPSC Bill?

Both the UAPA and the MSPC Bill prescribe similar procedures for making such a declaration. Under the UAPA, a Tribunal headed by a judge of a High Court confirms the declaration made by the state.
In the MSPC Bill, an advisory board consisting of ‘three persons who have been or are qualified to be’ a judge of an HC are tasked with carrying out the confirmation process.
Additionally, Special laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) grant agencies extended time (180 days) to file chargesheets and make securing bail more challenging.
Amendments to UAPA: In 2019, the UAPA Act was amended, granting investigating agencies broader powers. However, these amendments were criticised for being overly stringent and “draconian” in nature.

What are its Criticism and Debates?

Civil society members have raised concerns about several aspects of the bill. At least seven sections are considered vague or grant overriding powers to the state machinery.
Critics argue that these provisions go beyond the stated objective of curbing Naxalism and could potentially be misused.
The balance between security measures and safeguarding civil liberties remains a point of contention.

IAS OFFICER CONTROVERSY

Syllabus : GS4/Ethics

Why in the news : Puja Khedkar, a probationary IAS officer, is in controversy over her alleged misuse of power as a civil servant.

About :

Similarly controversy, regarding Abhishek Singh, 2010 batch former IAS officer for allegedly using a fake disability certificate to qualify for the exam came into picture.
These incidents not only raise question marks on the selection process of recruitment agencies but also ponder on the need to overhaul the selection process.

What are the ethical issues involved?

The Puja Khedkar controversy raises several ethical issues concerning public service and the conduct of civil servants:
Abuse of Power and Privilege: Khedkar allegedly demanded and received special treatment and privileges not entitled to a trainee officer, such as a separate office, official car, and unauthorised use of a beacon. This raises questions about fairness, equity, and the responsible use of public resources.
Integrity and Honesty: There are allegations that Khedkar misrepresented her disability status to gain an advantage in the civil services examination. If true, this would be a severe breach of integrity and a violation of the trust placed in civil servants.
Nepotism and Undue Influence: Khedkar’s father, a retired administrative officer, allegedly pressured officials to fulfil his daughter’s demands. This raises concerns about nepotism, favoritism, and the misuse of personal connections for undue advantage.
Accountability and Transparency: The controversy highlights the need for greater accountability and transparency in the recruitment and training of civil servants. It raises questions about the effectiveness of existing mechanisms to ensure that only deserving candidates are selected and that they adhere to high ethical standards.
Public Trust and Confidence: The actions of Khedkar, if proven true, have eroded public trust and confidence in the civil services. This is detrimental to the functioning of a democratic society, where citizens rely on civil servants to act in the public interest with integrity and impartiality.

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON POLLINATORS.

Syllabus : GS3/Environment

Why in the news : As per the study, air pollution disproportionately harms beneficial insects like bees and wasps compared to crop-destroying pests.

What are the key findings of the Report?

Unequal Impact: Pollinators, including bees, experienced a 39% decline in foraging efficiency when exposed to elevated air pollution. However, pests like aphids remained largely unaffected.
Scent Disruption: Air pollutants alter or mask chemical signals that beneficial insects use for crucial activities like finding food and mates, while pests rely more on direct contact or visual cues.
Foraging Most Affected: Among various behaviors studied, the ability to find food was the most severely impaired by air pollution, declining by one-third on average.
Ozone as Culprit: Ozone is identified as the most detrimental pollutant, harming beneficial insects even at low levels below current air quality standards.

What is Pollinations and Pollinators?

Pollination, an essential part of plant reproduction, refers to transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. It is of two types:
Self-pollination: Transfer of pollen grains within same flower or another flower of the same plant.
Cross-pollination: Transfer of pollen grains to flower of a different plant of the same kind.
Pollinators refer to agents (or facilitators) of pollination. It could be:
Abiotic: Wind and water
Biotic: Insects (bees, wasps, beetles, etc.), birds, and bats among others

PRELIMS

RATNA BHANDAR :

Recently, the Ratna Bhandar, the sacred treasury of 12th-century Shree Jagannath Temple, Puri was opened after 46 years after years of legal battles, controversies and debates.

About the Ratna Bhandar of Shree Jagannath Temple

It comprises two chambers: the Bhitar Bhandar (Inner Treasury) and the Bahar Bhandar (Outer Treasury). It isn’t just a repository of wealth; it’s a testament to the unwavering faith of countless devotees.
These chambers safeguard a collection of rare and precious items—donated over centuries by devotees and kings—to Lord Jagannath. Jagannath Puri Temple (aka Yamanika Tirtha)

It was built in the 12th Century AD by King Anatavarman Chodaganga Deva of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty, and is currently located in Odisha.
It is one of the Dhammas (Holiest of the holy place) out of four Dhammas that is Puri, Dwarika, Badrinath & Rameswar, in India.
It was called the ‘White Pagoda’ and is a part of Char Dham pilgrimages (Badrinath, Dwaraka, Puri, Rameswaram).
According to the Hindu beliefs, the power of ‘Yama’, the god of death, has been nullified in Puri due to the presence of Lord Jagannath, popularly known as Lord Krishna.

Architecture

The entire temple complex is enclosed within two concentric walls, the Kuruma Bheda (Inner wall) and the Meghnad Pachira (Wall), built on Kalingan Architecture.
Four Gates: Eastern ‘Singhadwara’ (main gate), Southern ‘Ashwadwara’, Western ‘Vyaghra Dwara’ and Northern ‘Hastidwara’.
Nilachakra (or the Blue wheel) perched on top of the temple is made of eight metals or Ashtadhatu.
The Aruna stambha– the 33 ft monolith structure pillar in front of the Singhadwar or the main entrance of the temple was originally located at the Sun Temple, Konark.

MARGIN TRADING :

The National Stock Exchange (NSE) removed 1,010 stocks from its list of eligible stocks for margin trading.

About

Margin trading involves using borrowed funds to purchase securities, with the goal of earning a profit from the price movement.
This strategy allows investors to increase their potential returns, but it also amplifies losses if the market moves against them.
The ‘Buy Now Pay Later’ process in margin trade financing (MTF) allows investors to buy shares for a fraction of the current price. The rest of the money is paid by the broker in exchange for an interest, like a loan.

DOGFISH SHARK SQUALUS HIMA

Scientists from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have discovered a new species of deep-water dogfish shark, named Squalus Hima, off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian Sea.

About

Squalus Hima is distinguished from other species by specific characteristics, including the number of precaudal vertebrae, total vertebrae, teeth count, trunk and head heights, fin structure, and fin color.
Species from the genus Squalus, along with Centrophorus, are harvested for their liver oil, which is rich in squalene.
Squalene is a highly sought-after substance used in high-end cosmetic and anticancer products.

July 16 2024

CLASSICAL LANGUAGEs

Syllabus : GS1/Art & Culture

Why in the news : With many languages seeking classical status, the Central government has decided to change the criteria for classical status to any language.

What are Classical Languages?

The term ‘Indian classical languages,’ or Shastriya Bhasha, encompasses languages in India with a rich history, significant antiquity, and a distinct literary heritage.
India has six classical languages as of now: Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Odia. The government last granted the special tag to Odia in 2014.
The Indian government established criteria for conferring the status of a ‘Classical Language,’ a decision implemented by the Ministry of Culture in collaboration with the Linguistic Experts’ Committee. This committee, formed by the government, evaluates requests for classifying languages as Classical Languages.
All the Classical Languages are listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.

What criteria must the language satisfy to be recognised as a Classical Language?

Demonstrated high antiquity of its early texts or a recorded history spanning 1500–2000 years.
Possession of a body of ancient literature or texts considered valuable heritage by successive generations of speakers.
Originality of the literary tradition, not borrowed from another speech community.
Distinctiveness between the classical language and literature from its modern counterparts, potentially involving a discontinuity.

What are the benefits of the classical status?

Two major international awards annually for distinguished scholars in Classical Indian Languages.
Establishment of a ‘Centre of Excellence for Studies in Classical Languages.’
Requesting the University Grants Commission to initiate, initially in Central Universities, a designated number of Professional Chairs for Classical Languages for eminent scholars in Classical Indian Languages.

What are is the Eighth Schedule of gathe Constitution?

The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution outlines the official languages of the Republic of India. It is governed by Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Constitution.
Purpose: Originally created to grant representation on the Official Languages Commission and enrich Hindi and English, the official languages of the Union.
Medium for Examinations: Candidates appearing for public service examinations have the privilege of using any language from the Eighth Schedule as a medium to answer exam papers.
Languages Included: Currently, the Eighth Schedule includes 22 languages, including Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.

CHRONOLOGICAL ADDITIONS
The chronological additions to the Eighth Schedule are as follows:
1950: Initially included 14 languages.1967: Sindhi was added through the 21st Constitutional Amendment Act.1992: Konkani, Manipuri (Meitei), and Nepali were included through the 71st Constitutional Amendment Act.2003: Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santali were added through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act.2011: The spelling “Oriya” was replaced with “Odia” through the 96th Constitutional Amendment Act.

EXPUNCTION POWERS IN PARLIAMENT

Syllabus : GS2/Polity

Why in the news : In the ongoing parliament session, the Chairman of Rajya Sabha has expunged the remarks of Leader of opposition Mallikarjun Kharge. In Lok Sabha, parts of LoP Rahul Gandhi’s remarks on the PM and the ruling party were expunged from the records on the orders of Speaker Om Birla.

What is the case of Freedom of Speech in the House?

Article 105 of the Constitution of India confers certain privileges and freedom of Speech and expression in Parliament on MPs.
If the words, phrases, and expressions of an MP are deemed “defamatory, indecent, unparliamentary or undignified” the MPs are asked to withdraw those remarks, if the MPs do not comply, those words are deleted or expunged from records on the order of the Speaker of the House.
The powers to expunge are conferred upon the Speaker by the Rules of Parliamentary etiquettes which are laid out to ensure discipline and decorum.
For this purpose, the Lok Sabha Secretariat also maintains a comprehensive list of ‘unparliamentary’ words and expressions.

What are the grounds of expunction?

Unparliamentary Language: Words or phrases that are considered offensive, abusive, or disrespectful to other members, the Speaker, or any other person or institution can be expunged. (The Lok Sabha has a list of expressions that are considered unparliamentary.)
Defamatory Statements: Any remarks that defame, malign, or cast aspersions on the character or conduct of individuals, whether they are members of the house or not, can be expunged.
Irrelevance or Breach of Decorum: Speeches or comments that are irrelevant to the subject under discussion, or that breach the decorum and dignity of the house, can be expunged.
Sensitive or Confidential Information: Statements that disclose sensitive or confidential information, particularly if it pertains to national security or the privacy of individuals, can be ordered to be expunged.
Personal Attacks: Personal attacks or derogatory remarks directed at other members of the house can be expunged to maintain the decorum of parliamentary proceedings.
Inaccurate or Misleading Information: Statements that are factually incorrect or intentionally misleading can also be ordered to be expunged, especially if they have the potential to misinform the house or the public.
Prejudicial to National Interest: Words deemed prejudicial to national interest or detrimental to maintaining friendly relations with a foreign State, derogatory to dignitaries, likely to offend national sentiments.
Other Words or statements which are likely to discredit the Army, not in good taste or otherwise objectionable or likely to bring the House into ridicule or lower the dignity of the Chair, the House or the members can also be expunged.

What is the procedure for expunction?

Rule 261 of Rules of Procedure of Rajya Sabha: If the Chairman is of opinion that a word or words has or have been used in debate which is or are defamatory or indecent or unparliamentary or undignified, Chairman has the discretion to order that such word or words be expunged from the proceedings of the Council.
Rule 380 and 381 of Rules of procedure of Lok Sabha: If the Speaker is of opinion that words used in debate are defamatory or indecent or unparliamentary or undignified, the Speaker in his/her discretion may, order that such words be expunged from the proceedings of the House.

THE MONEY BILL ROUTE

Syllabus : GS2/Polity

Why in the news : The Supreme Court of India agreed to list petitions challenging the Money Bill route taken by the Centre to pass contentious amendments in the Parliament.

What is the background?

The Money Bill case was referred to the supreme court in 2019 in the case of Rojer Mathew vs. South Indian Bank Ltd.
The issue is whether such amendments could be passed as a Money Bill, circumventing the Rajya Sabha, in violation of Article 110 of the Constitution.

What is the issue with this?

The case includes legal questions concerning amendments made from 2015 onwards in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) through Money Bills, giving the Enforcement Directorate blanket powers of arrest, raids, etc.
The present case raises questions about the passage of the Finance Act, 2017, as a money bill. The act had altered the appointments to 19 key judicial tribunals, including the National Green Tribunal and Central Administrative Tribunal.
In the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016, the petitioners have argued that parts of the Act, passed through the two houses as a money bill, contained provisions unrelated to the subjects listed under Article 110.

What is a Money Bill?

Article 110 of the Constitution deals with the definition of money bills.
It states that a bill is deemed to be a money bill if it contains ‘only’ provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters:
The imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;
the regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the Government of India, or the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations undertaken or to be undertaken by the Government of India;
The custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India, the payment of moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any such Fund;
the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India;
The declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or the increasing of the amount of any such expenditure;
The receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account of India or the custody or issue of such money or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a State; or
Any matter incidental to any of the matters specified above.

How is the Money Bill passed?

A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha, only by a minister, and only on the recommendation of the President.
If any question arises whether a bill is a Money bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of Lok Sabha is final.
After a Money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha.
The Rajya Sabha has very restricted powers w.r.t. Money Bills:
Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend a Money bill.
Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations.
Rajya Sabha must return the bill within 14 days, with or without recommendations.
The Lok Sabha can either accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of Rajya Sabha.
If the Rajya Sabha does not return the bill within 14 days, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses in the form originally passed by Lok Sabha.
Once a Money Bill is passed by both the Houses, it is presented to the President.
He/she may either give the assent or withhold assent, but cannot return the bill for reconsideration by the Houses of Parliament.

PRELIMS

CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION :

The Supreme Court has said that the Central Information Commission has powers to constitute benches and frame regulations, for its effective functioning.

About — The Chief Information Commissioner’s powers to frame regulations pertaining to the constitution of benches of the commission are upheld as such powers are within the ambit of Section 12(4) of the RTI Act.
The Central Information Commission (CIC) is a statutory body in India, established under the provisions of the Right to Information Act (2005).
The Central Information Commission consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.
The members are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a Committee consisting of: The Prime Minister as the Chairperson, The Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and A Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
Term of office: The Chief Information Commissioner, or Information Commissioners, as the case may be, shall hold office for a period of three years from the date on which he enters upon his office.
Powers and Functions : While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a civil court in respect of the following matters:
Summoning and enforcing attendance of persons and compelling them to give oral or written evidence on oath and to produce documents or things;
Requiring the discovery and inspection of documents;
Receiving evidence on affidavit;
Requisitioning any public record from any court or office;
Issuing summons for examination of witnesses or documents; and
Any other matter which may be prescribed.
During the inquiry of a complaint, the Commission may examine any record which is under the control of the public authority and no such record may be withheld from it on any grounds. The decisions of the Commission are final and binding.

WORLD YOUTH SKILLS DAY 2024

The World Youth Skills Day is observed on July 15 annually

The initiative was designated by the United Nations General Assembly in November 2014, emphasizes the significance of equipping youth with necessary skills to tackle unemployment and underemployment.
This year’s World Youth Skills Day theme, “Youth Skills for Peace and Development,” highlights the role of youth in peacebuilding and conflict resolution.
The day also marks the 5th anniversary of the launch of Skill India Mission.

Skill India Mission

It has been launched to empower the youth of the country with skill sets which make them more employable and more productive in their work environment.
Skill India offers courses across several sectors which are aligned to the standards recognised by both, the industry and the government under the National Skill Qualification Framework.
The courses help a person focus on practical delivery of work and help him enhance his technical expertise so that companies don’t have to invest into training him for his job profile.

WOLBACHIA BACTERIA

A study reports that Wolbachia bacteria had manipulated the wasp Encarsia formosa to entirely get rid of its males.

Wolbachia are the common bacteria that occur naturally in 50 per cent of insect species, including some mosquitoes, fruit flies, moths, dragonflies and butterflies.
Wolbachia lives inside insect cells and is passed from one generation to the next through an insect’s eggs.

Use for mosquito control

Mosquitoes with Wolbachia can be used to reduce numbers of target mosquito species, for example, Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes.
Mosquito control professionals release male Aedes Aegypti with Wolbachia into an area with wild Aedes Aegypti.
When male Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes with Wolbachia mate with wild female mosquitoes that do not have Wolbachia, the eggs will not hatch.
Because the eggs don’t hatch, the number of Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes decreases.

MAKHANA (FOX NUTS)

The Bihar government has urged the Centre to declare the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for makhana.

Makhana (in Hindi) Fox nut & Gorgon Nut ( in English) & Euryale ferox ( Biological name), is a high in demand aquatic crop, belonging to the Family of ‘Nymphaeaceae’.
This commonly known and widely-used crop is unique, high on nutrition content, and a non-cereal food.
Although the crop is cultivated in different parts of the world,India is home to nearly 70-80% of the global produce.
Bihar boasts of over 80% of the Makhana production of the country.
Districts and cities including Darbhanga, Madhubani, Saharsa, Katihar, Purnea, Supaul, Kishanganj, Araria and Sitamari are major producers of Makhana.
Countries including Japan, Korea, China, Bangladesh and Russia also grow Makhana in wild form.

July 17 2024

NEW GREEN HYDROGEN MISSION

Syllabus : GS3/Environment

Why in the news : The Union Cabinet has approved the National Green Hydrogen Mission. The initial outlay for the Mission will be Rs.19,744 crore, including an outlay of Rs.17,490 crore for the SIGHT program, Rs.1,466 crore for pilot projects, Rs.400 crore for R&D, and Rs. 388 crores towards other Mission components.

What is the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM)?

The National Green Hydrogen Mission was launched in January 2023 to make India a ‘global hub’ for using, producing and exporting green hydrogen.
Earlier, the National Hydrogen Mission was launched on August 15, 2021, with a view to cutting down carbon emissions and increasing the use of renewable sources of energy.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy(MNRE) formulates the scheme guidelines for implementation of these missions.

What are its key features?

Power capacity: The mission seeks to promote the development of green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT per annum with an associated renewable energy capacity addition of about 125 GW in the country by 2030.
Job creation: It envisages an investment of over ₹8 lakh crore and creation of over 6 lakh jobs by 2030.
Reducing energy import bill: It will also result in a cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports of over ₹1 lakh crore and abatement of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
Export promotion: The mission will facilitate demand creation, production, utilisation and export of green hydrogen.
Incentivization: Under the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition Programme (SIGHT), two distinct financial incentive mechanisms targeting domestic manufacturing of electrolysers and production of green hydrogen will be provided under the mission.
Green Hydrogen Hubs: Regions capable of supporting large-scale production and/or utilisation of hydrogen will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.

What are the types of Hydrogen?

Hydrogen extraction methods are classified into three types based on their processes: Grey, Blue, and Green.

Green Hydrogen: Green hydrogen is produced through water electrolysis, utilizing electricity generated from renewable energy sources.
Grey Hydrogen: This type of hydrogen is obtained through coal or lignite gasification (black or brown), or by steam methane reformation (SMR) of natural gas or methane (grey). These processes are typically carbon-intensive.
Blue Hydrogen: Blue hydrogen is derived from natural gas or coal gasification, coupled with carbon capture storage (CCS) or carbon capture use (CCU) technologies to mitigate carbon emissions.

Hydrogen Energy: A BackgrounderHydrogen is an important source of energy since it has zero carbon content and is a non-polluting source of energy in contrast to hydrocarbons that have net carbon content in the range of 75–85 per cent.Hydrogen energy is expected to reduce carbon emissions that are set to jump by 1.5 billion tons in 2021.It has the highest energy content by weight and lowest energy content by volume.As per International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Hydrogen shall make up 6% of total energy consumption by 2050.Hydrogen energy is currently at a nascent stage of development, but has considerable potential for aiding the process of energy transition from hydrocarbons to renewables.

AFRICAN ELEPHANT

Syllabus : GS3/Environment

Why in the news : Shankar (lone African Elephant) may be called sick but scientifically it is undergoing a condition called ‘musth’ which began in the last week of June.

Key points about the African Elephant :

Size and Physical Features:
- African elephants are the largest land animals on Earth, characterized by their immense size and distinctive features.
- They typically weigh between 4,000 to 7,500 kilograms (8,800 to 16,500 pounds) and stand around 3 to 4 meters (10 to 13 feet) tall at the shoulder.
- Notable physical features include their trunk, which is a fusion of their upper lip and nose used for grasping objects, feeding, and communication.
- Their large ears are crucial for regulating body temperature by radiating excess heat.
- Upper incisor teeth develop into tusks, which grow throughout their lifetime.
Distribution:
- These elephants inhabit 37 countries across the African continent, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa.
- They are found in a variety of habitats including savannas, forests, marshes, and deserts.
Species and Variations:
- There are two recognized species of African elephants:
  - Savanna Elephant (Loxodonta africana):Larger in size compared to forest elephants. Characterised by tusks that curve outwards.
  - Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis):Smaller in size and darker in coloration than savanna elephants. Their tusks are straighter and tend to point downward. Adapted to the dense forests of central and western Africa, particularly the Congo Basin.

What is its Conservation Status and Threats?

Both species of African elephants face significant threats to their survival.
Poaching: Illegal hunting for ivory remains a major threat, particularly for tusks that are highly valued in international markets.
Habitat Loss: Increasing human populations and expanding agriculture result in habitat fragmentation, limiting their range and access to resources.
Human-Wildlife Conflict: Encounters with humans can lead to conflicts, particularly in areas where elephants come into contact with agricultural lands.
Conservation efforts focus on anti-poaching measures, habitat protection, and community-based initiatives to mitigate human-elephant conflicts.

What are the Conservation efforts taken?

African Elephant Database (1986): Initiated to monitor African elephant populations. Includes data from aerial surveys, dung counts, interviews, and poaching statistics.
CITES Listing (1989): African elephant listed on CITES Appendix I. Bans international trade of elephants and their parts among CITES signatories. Hunting banned in Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Côte d’Ivoire, and Senegal.
Impact of Trade Ban: After 1990 ban, ivory sales in South Africa dropped over 95% in a decade. Southern African elephant populations recovered post-trade ban.
Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation: African Elephant Specialist Group’s Human-Elephant Conflict Task Force established. Aims to develop strategies to mitigate conflicts.
West African Elephant Memorandum of Understanding (2005): Signed by 12 West African countries. Supported by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Implemented West African Elephant Conservation Strategy with financial backing for four years.
Ban on Export to Zoos (2019): Export of wild African elephants to zoos globally banned. Exception for “demonstrable in-situ conservation benefits”. Previously, Zimbabwe exported over 100 baby elephants to Chinese zoos since 2012.
Conservation and Climate Change: Elephant conservation has been shown not to conflict with climate change mitigation efforts. Elephants promote soil carbon sequestration despite reducing above-ground biomass.
Cultural and Regional Context: Mention of an elephant mask from Ivory Coast highlights cultural significance.Illustrates local engagement and conservation challenges.

LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR — LUCA

Syllabus : GS3/Science & Tech

Why in the news : Researchers in UK have dated the existence of Last Universal Common Ancestor from which all life forms evolved using the theory of molecular clock.

What are the different theories of origin of life on Earth?

Many theories have been propounded by scientists on the origin of earth. However, there is no consensus on the exact mechanism of origin of life on earth.

Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis: proposed that the first molecules making up the earliest life form gradually self-organised from a ‘primordial soup‘ in a young earth’s difficult, prebiotic environment.
Miller-Urey experiment: Stanley Miller and Harold Urey from the University of Chicago showed that in right conditions, inorganic compounds could give rise to complex organic compounds. They mixed methane, ammonia and water and then applied a strong electric current – like a lightning strike. The result of this experiment was that the mixture contained amino acids, which are building blocks of proteins.
Meteoritic origin: Some scientists believe that meteorites from space could have brought buildings blocks of life, which was sustained by Earth. In 2019, French and Italian scientists reported discovering extra-terrestrial organic material 3.3 billion years old. Japan’s Hayabusa 2 mission to asteroid Ryugu indicated the presence of more than 20 amino acids there.

About Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)?

There has also been a lot of curiosity among the researchers on the evolution of life forms and the rich diversity that they have resulted into.
Scientists believe that all three branches of life – bacteria, archaea and eukarya – originated from a single cell, called the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).
There is no fossil evidence to support the existence of LUCA.

What is the evidence in support of LUCA?

The theory of the molecular clock posits that genetic mutations occur at a relatively constant rate over time, although this rate can vary between species.
This theory allows scientists to estimate the time between evolutionary events by analysing genetic mutations.
Researchers from the University of Bristol and Exeter have used this method to construct a phylogenetic tree of 350 bacterial and 350 archaeal genomes.
They estimated that the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) originated around 4.2 billion years ago, just 300 million years after Earth’s formation.
This is about a billion years older than the earliest fossil evidence found in Western Australia. LUCA is thought to have had a small genome with 2.5 million bases encoding around 2,600 proteins, sufficient for survival in its niche.
The metabolites produced by LUCA could have supported a secondary ecosystem, facilitating the emergence of other microbes.

What is the significance of the study?

Contributes significantly to our understanding of origin and evolution of life on earth.
Enables us to look for similar forms of life across the universe.
Provides fillip to our abilities to engineer synthetic organisms of various industrial, chemical and biological processes on Earth and create or moderate ecosystems on other planets.

CHANDIPURA VIRUS (CPHV) INFECTION

Syllabus : GS2/Heath, GS3/Science & Tech

Why in the news : In Gujarat, six children have died of suspected Chandipura virus (CHPV) infection. So far, a total of 12 suspected cases have been reported.

What is CPHV infection and how is it transmitted?

CHPV is a single-stranded RNA virus of the Rhabdoviridae family, which also includes other members such as the lyssavirus that causes rabies.
Several species of sandflies like Phlebotomine sandflies and Phlebotomus papatasi, and some mosquito species such as Aedes aegypti (which is also the vector for dengue) are considered vectors of CHPV.
The virus resides in the salivary gland of these insects, and can be transmitted to humans or other vertebrates like domestic animals through bites. The infection caused by the virus can then reach the central nervous system which can lead to encephalitis — inflammation of the active tissues of the brain. Chandipura virus is not contagious.

What are the symptoms of CPHV infection?

The CHPV infection presents initially with flu-like symptoms such as acute onset of fever, body ache, and headache. It may then progress to altered sensorium or seizures and encephalitis. Retrospective studies from India have also reported other symptoms such as respiratory distress, bleeding tendencies, or anaemia.
The infection progresses rapidly after encephalitis, which may then lead to mortality within 24-48 hours of hospitalisation. Susceptibility has largely remained limited to children below 15 years.

How can the infections be managed?

The infection can only be symptomatically managed as currently there is no specific antiretroviral therapy or vaccine available for treatment. As a result, it becomes crucial to manage brain inflammation to prevent mortality

What is the scene in India?

The CHPV infection was first isolated in 1965 while investigating a dengue/chikungunya outbreak in Maharashtra.
However, one of the most significant outbreaks of the disease in India was seen in 2003-04 in states such as Maharashtra, northern Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh,with the three states reporting more than 300 deaths of children.
The infection has largely remained endemic to the central part of India, often reported in rural, tribal and peripheral areas where the population of CHPV infection-spreading sand flies and mosquitoes is higher. Additionally, the outbreaks are more pronounced in the monsoon season because sand flies multiply more during the season.
Sandflies
- Sand flies are tiny flies — about the quarter of the size of a mosquito — that live in warm areas, usually those that are rural and forested.
- They are known to transmit a protozoan parasite — a single celled organism — that causes an infectious disease called leishmaniasis.
- There are changes in patterns of disease being reported. Sandflies usually do not fly at a height more than 3 feet from the ground but this time during surveillance, sandflies have been found on terraces and higher heights.

PRELIMS

TEHRI PUMPED STORAGE PLANT (PSP):

The Union Minister for Power and Housing and Urban Affairs reviewed the progress at the 2400 MW Tehri Power Complex in Tehri Garhwal.

The Tehri Pumped Storage Plant (PSP) is a hydroelectric power plantlocated in Uttarakhand, India.
It is one of the largest pumped storage power plants in the country, with an installed capacity of 1,000 MW. The plant is situated on the Bhagirathi River (tributary of river Ganges) and is capable of storing 5.7 TWh of electricity.
The PSP is a vital component of the national grid, providing supplementary power to the country during peak hours.
It is designed for storing surplus water of river Bhagirathi during monsoonand releasing the stored water to fulfil the irrigation and drinking water needs of the population in the Gangetic plains of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh during non-monsoon period while generating 2400 MW of peaking power.

ARTICLE 341

Recently, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the states cannot make changes to the Scheduled Caste List published under Article 341 of the Constitution.

It is a crucial provision that deals with the identification and recognition of Scheduled Castes (SCs), which are historically marginalised communities that have faced social discrimination and exclusion.
Article 341 empowers the President of India to specify which castes, races, or tribes should be considered as SCs.
Once the President issues such a notification (Presidential Order), these communities are entitled to certain protective measures and affirmative action.
It’s important to note that once this list is published, any subsequent changes—whether additions, deletions, or modifications—can only be made through legislation enacted by the Parliament.
While states play a significant role in implementing policies related to SCs, they do not have the authority to alter the SC list directly. This power rests exclusively with the President and Parliament.

HALWA CEREMONY

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman participated in a traditional ‘halwa’ ceremony, marking the final stage for preparation of Union Budget 2024-25.

It is a customary ceremony in which traditional dessert ‘halwa’ is prepared and served to officials and staff members of the finance ministry who were involved in the preparation of the Budget.
It is performed every year before the “lock-in” process of Budget preparation begins.
The custom has been part of the Budget tradition for decades.

All the officials involved in the Budget preparations stay at the North Block To make sure that the secrecy of the Union Budget is maintained.
The moment the Finance Minister tables the Union Budget in Parliament, the lock-in period will conclude.

SUTLEJ RIVER

Justice Sanjay Karol of the Supreme Court of India has expressed concern about the deteriorating condition of the Sutlej river.

The Sutlej river rises near Lake Rakshastal, which is fed by the lake Mansrover in the Tibetan Plateau at an elevation level (EL) of about 4,572 m.
It is an antecedent river (existed before the Himalayas) and the easternmost tributary of the Indus River.
Sutlej River is known as Langqen Zagbo inside Tibet (China).
It travels about 322 Kms inside the Tibetan Province and then enters India near Shipkila and further travels about 300 Kms up to Bhakra Dam.
The main tributaries of Sutlej in India are Ravi and Beas.

July 18 2024

LOCAL JOB RESERVATIONS IN KARNATAKA

Syllabus : GS2/Government Policy

Why in the news : Recently, the Karnataka Cabinet cleared a Bill mandating 50% reservation for locals in management jobs and 75% in non-management positions.

What is this about?

The Karnataka State Employment of Local Candidates in the Industries, Factories, and Other Establishments Bill, 2024, has taken centre stage in the state’s legislative landscape, aiming to address the employment concerns of local candidates within the private sector.
The bill emphasises job opportunities for Kannadigas by mandating specific reservation percentages for management and non-management positions.
The bill comes after long-standing demands for job reservation for Kannadigas. Earlier this year, Kannada organisations organised rallies across the state, urging the immediate implementation of the Sarojini Mahishi Report, submitted in 1984, recommended quotas for locals in both government and private sector jobs.

What are the Reservation Quotas?

Management Positions: Industries, factories, and other private sector establishments are now required to appoint local candidates for at least 50% of management positions. These roles include executive, administrative, and leadership positions within organisations.
Non-Management Positions: For non-management positions—such as technical, operational, and support roles — 75% of the workforce must consist of local candidates.

What are the eligibility criteria for Local Candidates?

According to the Bill, a local candidate is someone who:

is born in the State of Karnataka;
has been domiciled in the state for at least 15 years;
can speak, read, and write Kannada proficiently (there’s even a required test for this).
holds a secondary school certificate with Kannada as a language. If not, they must pass a Kannada proficiency test.

What are its features?

Even if industries face challenges in finding local talent, the percentage of local candidates should not fall below 25% for management positions and 50% for non-management positions.
Failure to comply with these thresholds may result in penalties ranging from ₹10,000 to ₹25,000.
If qualified or suitable local candidates are not available, industries and establishments must collaborate with the government to train local candidates within three years.
In exceptional cases where sufficient local candidates are unavailable, establishments can apply for relaxation from the provisions of the Act. The government will review such requests and make final decisions.
Industries failing to comply with the reservation norms may face penalties ranging from ₹10,000 to ₹25,000.
The government aims to enforce these provisions rigorously to ensure effective implementation.

The Karnataka Cabinet’s move to reserve management and non-management positions for local candidates is a significant step toward ensuring equitable employment opportunities.While some industry leaders have criticised the move as discriminatory, proponents argue that it will empower local talent, boost regional employment, and strengthen the state’s economy.

REPORT OF INDIA’s G20 TAASK FORCE ON DIGITAL PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Syllabus :GS2/Governance; GS3/Infrastructure

Why in the news : Recently, the final ‘Report of India’s G20 Task Force on Digital Public Infrastructure’ was released highlighting that India should identify a body to promote Digital Public Infrastructure in the Global South.

What is this about?

Earlier, the Prime Minister of India announced a $25-million investment to develop DPI, emphasising its importance in inclusive growth.
On the other hand, the G20 established the Digital Public Infrastructure Repository, featuring over 50 DPIs from 16 countries, aiming to facilitate knowledge sharing and adoption of DPIs globally, especially in the Global South.
At the G20 Summit, India showcased its digital capabilities, including Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, and other DPI-related initiatives.
These systems empower citizens, enhance financial inclusion, and drive economic transformation.

What is the Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)?

It refers to the foundational digital systems and services that enable seamless connectivity, data exchange, and digital transactions across various sectors
It encompasses both hardware (such as networks, servers, and devices) and software (such as platforms, protocols, and applications)
It acts as the digital backbone that supports everything from online payments and identity verification to e-governance and healthcare services.

What India’s role in DPI?

India has emerged as a leader in DPI, thanks to initiatives like Aadhaar (the world’s largest biometric identity system), UPI (Unified Payments Interface), and DigiLocker (a cloud-based document storage platform), etc.
Programmes like the National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN), Digital India, National Broadband Mission, and National Data Centre Policy have laid the groundwork for a robust digital infrastructure.
The Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) trinity has resulted in millions of new bank accounts and streamlined direct benefit transfers, eliminating leakages and ensuring targeted delivery of welfare programmes.
Initiatives like Ayushman Bharat Mission and Unified Logistics Interface Platform are transforming healthcare and logistics sectors respectively.
Portals like the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) offer a one-stop platform for everything from birth certificates to land records.
It has streamlined processes, reduced bureaucracy, and enhanced transparency, and over 1.38 billion digital identities have been registered in India, demonstrating the scale and impact of these systems.
However, the challenges associated with DPI are Lack of Access to Infrastructure, Digital Divide, Affordability, Language and Content Barriers, Physical and Cognitive Disabilities, Privacy and Security Concerns, and Geographical Disparities etc.

What are the recommendations of the Report?

The final report by India’s G20 Task Force on DPI highlights the need for India to take on added responsibility in promoting DPI globally.
India should identify an existing body (preferably with global reach) to harness the DPI ecosystem. This body would work on policy formulation, strategy implementation, and technical expertise.
Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with DPIs can amplify their capabilities, but ethical use and data privacy must be maintained.

Digital Public Infrastructure isn’t just about technology; it’s about empowering people, improving governance, and fostering economic growth.As India continues to lead in this space, it’s essential to collaborate globally and ensure that DPI benefits everyone, especially those in the Global South.

RBI’s. RULES ON FRAUD RISK MANAGEMENT

Syllabus : GS3/Economy

Why in the news : The Reserve Bank of India has issued revised Master Directions on Fraud Risk Management for the Regulated Entities (REs).

What is this about?

The Regulated Entities includes:
Commercial Banks (including Regional Rural Banks) and All India Financial Institutions;
Cooperative Banks (Urban Cooperative Banks / State Cooperative Banks / Central Cooperative Banks); and
Non-Banking Finance Companies (including Housing Finance Companies).

What are the revised directions?

The directions mandate REs to comply with principles of natural justice in a time-bound manner before classifying persons/entities as fraud, taking into account the 2023 Supreme Court Judgment on State Bank of India versus Rajesh Agarwal.
The RBI mandates the banks to constitute a Committee of the Board known as the ‘Special Committee of the Board for Monitoring and Follow-up of Cases of Frauds’ (SCBMF) with a minimum of three members of the Board, consisting of a whole-time director and a minimum of two independent directors or non-executive directors.
The framework on Early Warning Signals and Red Flagging of Accounts has been strengthened for early detection and prevention of frauds in the REs and timely reporting to law enforcement agencies and supervisors.
Requirements for data analytics and market intelligence units for strengthening risk management systems have been mandated.
The Directions are principle-based and strengthen the role of the Board in overall governance and oversight of fraud risk management in the Regulated Entities (REs).
These Directions also emphasise the need for instituting robust internal audit and controls framework in the REs.

PRADHAN MANTRI SCHOOLS FOR RISING INDIA (PM-SHRI) SCHEME

Syllabus : GS2/Education

Why in the news : The Union government has stopped funds of Punjab, West Bengal, and Delhi under Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), as the three states have refused participation in the PM-SHRI scheme.

What is PM-SHRI Scheme?

Aim: The scheme aims to turn existing government schools into model schools.
- The scheme is for existing elementary, secondary, and senior secondary schools run by the central government and state and local governments around the country.
Funding: It is a Centrally sponsored scheme with a total project cost of 27,360 crore for the period of five years from 2022-23 to 2026-27 for transforming nearly 14,500 schools across the country.
It will showcase all components of the National Education Policy 2020, act as exemplary schools and also offer mentorship to other schools in their vicinity.
A ‘School Quality Assessment Framework’ is being developed to measure the progress and performance of these schools.

What are the key features of PM-SHRI Scheme?

Development of ‘Green schools’: These will be equipped with solar panels, LED lights, nutrition gardens, and waste management, water conservation and harvesting systems.
Modern facilities: Schools will include ICT (information and communication technologies) facilities, smart classrooms, library, digital library, science labs and vocational labs etc. Schools will also get science and math kits and annual school grants for libraries or sports.
Mother tongue and local languages to be encouraged.

What is Samagra Siksha Abhiyan (SSA)?

It is an overarching scheme for the school education sector extending from pre-school to class XII and aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education.
The Scheme subsumes the three erstwhile Centrally Sponsored Schemes of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).
The scheme treats school education as a continuum and is in accordance with Sustainable Development Goal for Education (SDG-4).
The major objectives of the Scheme are: Support States and UTs in implementing the recommendations of the National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020); —Support States in implementation of Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009;
Emphasis on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy;
Strengthening and up-gradation of State Councils for Educational Research and Training (SCERTs)/State Institutes of Education and District Institutes for Education and Training (DIET) as nodal agency for teacher training;
Promoting vocational education.
Under the Scheme, financial assistance is provided to all the States and UTsfor undertaking above activities including training for universalization and delivery of quality school education.

PRELIMS

SPECIES IN NEWS :

Indian Softshell Turtle

Conservation status:

IUCN: Endangered
IWPA: Schedule I (Part II)
CITES : Appendix I
U.S ESA : Not listed

Distribution:

Characteristics, Habitat, and Behaviour:

Appearance:
- Indian softshell turtle has a prominent, tube-like snout and an incredibly flattened shell.
- Shell (carapace) is smooth, round to oval, olive or green in colour with a yellow border.
- Limbs are green, underside of the shell is grey to cream.
- Broad head with black stripes running from the centre towards the sides.
Adaptations:
- Long neck and snorkel-like snout allow it to extend its nose out of water to breathe.
- Compressed shell facilitates streamlined swimming, making it a fast swimmer.
Habitat:
- Inhabits deep rivers, streams, large canals, lakes, and ponds with mud and sand bottoms.
- Prefers turbid water conditions.
Behaviour:
- Omnivorous diet includes mollusks, insects, fish, amphibians, waterfowl, carrion, and aquatic plants.

Major Threats:

Habitat Loss:
- Pollution of water bodies.
- Closure of canals.
- Introduction of dams and tidal barrages.
- Channelization of rivers.
- Drainage of floodplains.
Commercial Exploitation:
- Professional fishing.
- Meat consumption.
Reduction of Fish Stock:
- Overfishing leading to depletion of prey species.

July 19 2024

WAGH NAKH

Syllabus : GS1/History

Why in the news : The iconic wagh nakh or tiger claws used by Maratha king Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was brought to India from London.

What is Wagh Nakh?

The Wagh Nakh, which translates to “tiger claws” in Marathi, is a traditional Indian weapon designed to fit over the knuckles or be concealed in the palm.
It typically consists of four curved blades or prongs that resemble the claws of a tiger, used to slash and tear the flesh.

What is its Historical Significance?

Maratha Empire: The Wagh Nakh is famously associated with the Maratha warrior king, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
Battle with Afzal Khan: The most notable historical event involving the Wagh Nakh was during the encounter between Shivaji Maharaj and Afzal Khan, the general of the Bijapur Sultanate. Shivaji used the Wagh Nakh to mortally wound Afzal Khan, leading to a significant victory for the Marathas.

What is its Cultural Significance?

Symbol of Valor: The Wagh Nakh is considered a symbol of bravery and martial prowess in Maratha culture and Indian history.
Exhibitions and Museums: Original Wagh Nakh artefacts are displayed in various museums, showcasing India’s rich martial heritage

How did the Wagh Nakh reach London?

According to the Victoria and Albert Museum’s website, the weapon was brought to Britain by East India Company officer James Grant Duff (1789- 1858).
Duff was the Company Resident (political agent) of the Satara State from 1818-22. He was also an historian, writing the ‘A History of the Mahrattas (1826)’.
The last Peshwa (Prime Minister) of the Marathas, Baji Rao II, surrendered to the British in June 1818 after defeat in the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
He was banished to Bithoor in Kanpur.
It is believed that he surrendered this weapon to Grant Duff.

THE CASE FOR PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION

Syllabus : GS2/Polity

Why in the news : After the recently concluded Lok Sabha elections, there is a debate around the system of elections in India, and should India go for the Proportional representation system in place of the presently used First Past the Post System.

What is the difference between Proportional Representation and First-Past-the-Post (FPTP)c?

First Past the Post System (FPTP): Under this system, the candidate who polls more than any other in a constituency is declared elected.
Proportional Representation System: The Proportional Electoral System is an electoral system where the political parties get as much representation (number of seats) in the legislature as per the share of votes they secure in the elections.

What are the advantages of Proportional Representation over FPTP?

Fairer Representation:

PR: Ensures that political parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes they receive. This means minority groups and smaller parties get better representation in the legislature.
FPTP: Often results in a significant disparity between the percentage of votes a party receives and the percentage of seats they win. Smaller parties may be underrepresented.

Reduces Wasted Votes:

PR: Fewer votes are “wasted” as most votes contribute to the election of a representative.
FPTP: More number of votes can be wasted (i.e., not contributing to the election of any candidate) if they are cast for losing candidates.

Encourages Multi-Party Systems:

PR: Facilitates the existence and success of multiple political parties, promoting a broader spectrum of political viewpoints and policy options, essential for a vibrant democracy like India.
FPTP: Often leads to a two-party system, marginalising smaller parties and reducing voter choice.

Higher Voter Turnout:

PR: Voters may be more motivated to participate when they feel their vote has a higher likelihood of influencing the outcome.
FPTP: Voter turnout can be lower if individuals feel their vote is unlikely to impact the result, particularly in “safe” seats. (As observed in 2024 General elections)

Coalition Governments:

PR: Encourages coalition governments, which can lead to more collaborative and consensual policymaking.
FPTP: Usually leads to single-party majority governments, which may result in more adversarial politics.

What are the challenges associated with PR compared to FPTP?

Complexity:

PR: Involves a more complex voting and counting processes, which can be harder for voters to understand and may require more administrative resources.
FPTP: Simple and straightforward, with voters selecting one candidate and the candidate with the most votes winning.

Instability:

PR: Coalition governments can be less stable, potentially leading to more frequent elections if coalitions break down.
FPTP: Single-party majority governments are generally more stable and less prone to collapse.

Fragmentation:

PR: Can lead to a fragmented legislature with many small parties, making it difficult to form a cohesive government leading to stalemate on basic issues.
FPTP: Typically results in fewer parties with clearer majorities, enabling more decisive governance.

Accountability:

PR: Coalition governments can dilute accountability as it may be unclear which party or individual is responsible for specific policies or decisions.
FPTP: Voters can more easily identify who is responsible for government actions, facilitating greater accountability.

Extreme ideologies Parties:

PR: May give seats to extremist parties that receive a small but significant portion of the vote, potentially allowing them to influence policy. (Far Right AfD of Germany has been able to secure 15 seats in recently held EU elections.)
FPTP: Less likely to give representation to extremist parties, as they typically cannot win enough votes in any single constituency.

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

Syllabus : GS3/Economy

Why in the news : Recently NITI Aayog launched the report titled “Electronics: Powering India’s Participation in Global Value Chains”.

What are Global Value Chains (GVCs) in Electronics Sector?

GVCs are international production sharing, where the full range of activities i.e., design, production, marketing, distribution and support to the final consumer, etc. are divided among multiple firms and workers across geographic spaces, to bring a product from conception to end-use and beyond.
The global electronics market is estimated at US$ 4.3 trillion.
The electronics GVC is intricate, with a select group of nations like China, Taiwan, the USA, South Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Mexico, and Malaysia.
- China is the world’s largest electronics producer, accounting for nearly 60% of worldwide electronics production.

What is India’s potential in Electronic Sector?

Market Size and Growth

Market Size:As of 2022, the Indian electronics market was valued at around USD 118 billion. The market is expected to reach USD 300 billion by 2025, driven by increasing demand for consumer electronics, industrial electronics, and strategic electronics.
Consumer Electronics: India is one of the largest markets for consumer electronics, including smartphones, televisions, and home appliances. The smartphone market alone was valued at over USD 36 billion in 2021 and continues to grow rapidly.

Manufacturing and Export Potential

Manufacturing Growth: The Indian electronics manufacturing sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of over 16% from 2020 to 2025. The production of mobile phones has seen significant growth, with India becoming the second-largest manufacturer of mobile phones in the world.
Export Potential: Electronics exports from India reached approximately USD 11.6 billion in FY 2021-22. The government aims to increase electronics exports to USD 120 billion by 2026 through various initiatives.

Infrastructure and Ecosystem

Electronics Manufacturing Clusters (EMCs):The government has approved the setting up of EMCs to provide world-class infrastructure for electronics manufacturing. These clusters are expected to attract significant investment and boost local production capabilities.
Research and Development:India is focusing on enhancing its R&D capabilities in the electronics sector, with various initiatives to support innovation and development.

Investment and FDI

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
The electronics sector in India has attracted substantial FDI, with major global companies establishing manufacturing units in the country. India allows 100% FDI under the automatic route in electronics manufacturing, making it an attractive destination for investors.

Skilled Workforce

Workforce Development: India has a large pool of engineering talent and skilled labor, crucial for the growth of the electronics manufacturing sector.Various training programs and initiatives are being implemented to further enhance the skill set of the workforce in this sector.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES— Scheme for setting up of Semiconductor Fabs in India provides fiscal support to eligible applicants for setting up of Semiconductor Fabs which is aimed at attracting large investments for setting up semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities in the country.— Initiatives like Make in India and Digital India, improved infrastructure and ease of doing business, supported by various incentives, have stimulated domestic manufacturing and attracted foreign investments.— Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme offers financial incentives, design infrastructure support across various stages of development and deployment of semiconductor design for Integrated Circuits (ICs), Chipsets, Systems & IP Cores and semiconductor linked design. — In India 100% FDI is allowed under the automatic route. In the case of defence electronics, FDI up to 49% is allowed through automatic route and beyond 49% requires government approval.

What are the challenges associated with the Electronic Sector?

Market Competition: The global electronics market is dominated by countries like China, Taiwan, USA, South Korea, Vietnam and Malaysia. India currently exports approximately USD 25 billion annually, representing less than 1% of the global share.
Technical Skills: There is a lack of adequately trained technical personnel for advanced manufacturing processes.
Capital Intensive industry: Electronic manufacturing is a complex and technology-intensive sector with huge capital investments, high risk, long gestation and payback periods, requiring significant and sustained investments.
Import dependency: Heavy reliance on imports for key components, especially semiconductors, makes the industry vulnerable to global supply chain disruptions.
India’s electronics industry is focussed primarily on assembly, with limited capabilities in design and component manufacturing.

PRELIMS

SPECIES IN NEWS :

Mugger

Taxonomy:

Conservation status:

IUCN : Vulnerable
IWPAA :Schedule I
CITES : Appendix I
U.S. ESA :Not listed

Species Distribution: Countries: India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, and possibly Bangladesh.

Westward Range Extension: Extends into eastern Iran.

Population Status:

Local Extinction:
- Extensive across its historical range.
- Viable populations now confined to Protected Areas.

Major Populations:

India:
- Present in 15 states.
- Significant populations in:
  - Middle Ganga region (Bihar and Jharkand).
  - Chambal River basin (Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh).
  - Gujarat.
Characteristics, Habitat, and Behavior:
- Size and Appearance:
  - Mugger crocodiles are medium to large, with adult males reaching up to 4.5 meters (18 ft) in length and weighing about 450 kg (1000 lbs).
  - They resemble alligators the most among all crocodile species.
  - Juveniles are light tan with black cross-banding, while adults are generally gray to brown.
- Reproduction and Nesting:
- Mugger crocodiles are hole-nesting species.
- Females reach sexual maturity at approximately 1.8-2 meters.
- They lay 25-30 eggs during the annual dry season.
- Nests are found in various habitats, including inside their burrows.
- In captivity, some females can lay two clutches in a single year, though this is not observed in the wild.
- Incubation period ranges from 55 to 75 days.
Diet and Feeding Habits:
- Muggers are opportunistic predators, utilizing a wide range of food resources.
- They prefer fish but also feed on crustaceans, insects, small fish, amphibians, reptiles (especially snakes and possibly turtles), birds, and mammals (such as monkeys).
- Large adults have been documented preying on larger animals like deer and buffalo.

Major Threats:

Habitat Destruction:
- Agricultural and industrial expansion leading to loss of natural habitats.
Entanglement and Drowning:
- Accidental entanglement in fishing equipment leading to drowning.
Illegal Activities:
- Egg predation by humans for consumption.
- Illegal poaching for their skin and meat.
- Use of body parts in traditional medicine.
Human-Wildlife Conflict:
- Increasing incidents of conflict due to human encroachment into the natural habitats of mugger crocodiles.

Gharial

Scientific Name: Gavialis gangeticus
Length: 3-6 meters (Male), 2.5-4 meters (Female)
Weight: 150-250 kg
Population: Approximately 800
Status: Listed in Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and as Critically Endangered on IUCN Red List

Characteristics

Gharial derives its name from “ghara,” an Indian word for pot, referring to the bulbous knob (narial excrescence) at the end of their snout.
It is the only visibly sexually dimorphic crocodilian species due to this knob.
Gharials are largely piscivorous (fish-eating) among all extant crocodilians.
They possess a strongly attenuated (narrowed) snout, rows of uniform sharp teeth, and a relatively long, well-muscled neck, making them efficient fish catchers.

Conservation Issues

Habitat Alteration: Dam construction, barrages, and water abstraction convert suitable river habitats into marginal or unsuitable lakes, affecting the quantity and quality of water downstream.
Entanglement in Fishing Nets: Gharials, with their long, toothy rostrum, are highly vulnerable to getting trapped underwater in fishing nets, leading to drowning or injury. They are often killed or mutilated while trying to disentangle.
River Bed Cultivation: Cultivation on river beds disrupts gharial habitat, alienating them from essential terrestrial components and forcing them to migrate or abandon areas.
Sand Mining: Removal of sand from riverbanks destroys gharial basking and nesting sites, impacting their behavior and nesting success. Mining activities can directly harm eggs during nesting seasons.
Egg Harvesting: Harvesting of gharial eggs for subsistence food increases egg mortality, reduces recruitment rates, and exposes nests to additional predation by natural predators.

WWF-India’s Initiatives

Species Recovery Programme: Initiated after the National Chambal Gharial crisis in December 2007.
Reintroduction Programme: Collaborated with the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department to reintroduce gharials at Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary. Since 2009, 250 captive-reared gharials from Kukrail Rehabilitation Centre have been released into River Ganga.
Research Collaboration: Partnered with the University of Tokyo, Japan, for Gharial Bio-logging Science to study underwater behavior and habitat preferences of free-ranging gharials.
Community Engagement: Worked with local communities along the River Ganga for biodiversity conservation through education, awareness programs, and Village Panchayat Meetings (Ganga Samrakshan Panchayat).
Environmental Conservation Efforts: Focused on maintaining ecological flows (e-flows), reducing impacts of illegal sand mining, pollution control, and addressing issues related to riverbed farming within the Upper Ganga Basin.

July 20,21 2024

NATIONAL LANDSLIDE FORECASTING CENTRE (NLFC)

Syllabus : GS1/Geography

Why in the news : The Union Minister of Coal and Mines inaugurated the National Landslide Forecasting Centre in Kolkata.

What is NLFC?

The NLFC is a pioneering initiative aimed at landslide hazard mitigation in India and will provide early information to local administration and communities, update landslide inventories, and integrate real-time rainfall and slope instability data for enhanced forecasting accuracy.
He also launched the Bhusanket Web Portal and Bhooskhalan Mobile App that will facilitate dissemination of relevant information on landslide hazards, initiating short-range and medium-range landslide forecasting.

What are Landslides?

A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
Landslides are a type of “mass wasting,” which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity.
Landslides occur mainly in mountainous terrains where there are conducive conditions of soil, rock, geology and slope.
Natural Causes that trigger it include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, snow melting and undercutting of slopes due to flooding.
Landslides can also be caused by Anthropogenic Activities such as excavation, cutting of hills and trees, excessive infrastructure development, and overgrazing by cattle.
In India, rainfall-induced landslide events are more common.

What are the Landslide prone areas in India?

ISRO has recently released the Landslide Atlas of India. As per this atlas, some of the prominent statistics regarding landslides in India are as follows:
India is among the top five landslide-prone countries in the world.
Excluding snow-covered areas, around 12.6 percent of India’s geographical land area is prone to landslides.
A rough break-up of reported landslides in India is as follows:
About 66.5% from the North-Western Himalayas
About 18.8% from the North-Eastern Himalayas
About 14.7% from the Western Ghats.
As per the Landslide Atlas of India, major landslide prone areas in India are as follows:
The Northeastern Region (comprises about 50 percent of the total landslide prone areas in India)
Areas of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir lying along the Himalayas.
Areas of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu lying along the Western Ghats.
The Araku region in Andhra Pradesh along the Eastern Ghats.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES— The Disaster Management Act, of 2005 provides a comprehensive legal and institutional framework for the management of various disasters including landslides.— The National Landslide Risk Management Strategy (2019) covers all aspects of landslide disaster risk reduction and management, such as hazard mapping, monitoring, and early warning systems.— The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has issued Guidelines on Landslide Hazard Management (2009) that outline the steps that should be taken to reduce the risk of landslides.— The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has been providing capacity building and other support to various national and state-level disaster management authorities.— Efforts have been made towards better prediction of weather. E.g. Ensemble Prediction System. This will help predict disasters like landslides.

BHIL PRADESH

Syllabus : GS2/Polity

Why in the news : The members of the Bhil tribe have again demanded a separate ‘Bhil Pradesh’.

What is Bhil Pradesh?

Bhil Pradesh is a proposed state in India primarily aimed at addressing the socio-economic and cultural needs of the Bhil tribal community.
The Bhils are one of the largest tribal groups in India, predominantly residing in the western and central parts of the country.

What is the geographical spread of the proposed state?

The proposed Bhil Pradesh would encompass regions from multiple states with significant Bhil populations. These regions include parts of:

Rajasthan: Particularly the districts of Banswara, Dungarpur, and Udaipur.
Madhya Pradesh: This includes districts like Jhabua, Alirajpur, and Dhar.
Gujarat: Especially the districts of Dahod and Panchmahal.
Maharashtra: Mainly the districts of Nandurbar and Dhule.

What is the process to form/rename a state in India?

Article 3 authorizes the Parliament to:form a new state by separation of territory from any state or by uniting two or more states or parts of states or by uniting any territory to a part of any state;

increase the area of any state;
diminish the area of any state;
alter the boundaries of any state; and
alter the name of any state.

However, Article 3 lays down two conditions in this regard:

a bill contemplating the above changes can be introduced in the Parliament only with the prior recommendation of the President;
and before recommending the bill, the President has to refer the same to the state legislature concerned for expressing its views within a specified period.
The President (or Parliament) is not bound by the views of the state legislature and may either accept or reject them.
Moreover, the IndianConstitution (Article 4) itself declares that laws made for alteration of names of existing states (under Articles 3) are not to be considered as amendments of the Constitution under Article 368
Such laws can be passed by a simple majority and by the ordinary legislative process.

Why is there a demand for a Separate state?

Linguistic and Cultural Identity: Communities often feel that their distinct language, culture, and heritage are not adequately represented or protected within larger states.
Regional Disparities: Economic and developmental disparities between different regions within a state often fuel demands for bifurcation.
Political Representation: Some regions feel that they are not adequately represented in state governments or at the national level due to their minority status within larger states.
- The creation of separate states can provide better political representation and empower local leaders to address the specific needs and concerns of their communities.
Resource Allocation: Disputes over the distribution of resources, such as water, land, and revenue, also drive demands for bifurcation.
Historical Grievances: Historical injustices, perceived discrimination, and unresolved grievances from the past fuel demands for state bifurcation.

What are the challenges associated with a Separate state?

Political Opposition: Political opposition from various stakeholders, who may have vested interests in maintaining the status quo or have concerns about the impact of bifurcation on their political influence.
Administrative Reorganisation: It requires the creation of new administrative units, redistribution of resources, and delineation of boundaries, which lead to administrative inefficiencies and confusion.
Resource Allocation: Dividing a state often raises issues related to the allocation of resources such as water, land, and financial resources.
- Disputes over the distribution of resources can arise between the newly formed states, leading to prolonged negotiations and conflicts.
Social Integration: Bifurcation affects social cohesion and integration, particularly in regions with diverse ethnic, linguistic, and cultural identities.

The demand for new states or the reorganisation of existing ones continues to persist in India, driven by factors such as regional identity, economic disparities, and governance issues. Any future reorganisations will likely involve careful deliberation and negotiation to balance competing interests and maintain the unity and integrity of the nation.

ARTICLE 361 : IMMUNITY TO GOVERNORS

Syllabus : GS2/Polity

Why in the news : The Supreme Court agreed to examine the contours of Article 361 of the Constitution which grants “blanket immunity” to governors from any kind of criminal prosecution.

What is it about?

A woman staff member of the West Bengal Raj Bhawan, has accused Governor CV Ananda Bose of sexual harassment.
The plea challenges the immunity granted to the governor of a state under Article 361 of the Indian Constitution and seeks several directions and investigations.

What is Article 361?

The Governors of state receive immunity from legal proceedings over the duration of their term in office under Article 361 of the Constitution.
The aim of the Article is to ensure that they are not answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of their official powers and duties, nor for any acts done in the course of these duties.
Criminal proceedings: No criminal cases can be initiated or continued against them, and no arrest or imprisonment orders can be issued by any court under Clause (2) of Article 361.
Civil proceedings: The Article mandates a two-month notice for any civil proceedings related to personal acts.
Clause (3) of Article 361 restricts any arrest or imprisonment orders during their term.
The article is an exception to Article 14 (right to equality) of the Constitution and provides that the president or the governor is not answerable to any court for the exercise of the powers and duties of his office.

GOVERNORPart VI of the Constitution of India deals with the state executive. The state executive consists of the governor, the chief minister, the council of ministers and the advocate-general of the stateGovernor is the nominal head at the state levelAppointment of governorsThe governor is appointed by the president under his hand and sealThe SC in 1979 said that the office of governor is not an employment under the central government. It is an independent constitutional office and is not under the control of or subordinate to the central governmentReason for adopting this system of appointment of governorDirection elections would be incompatible with the parliamentary system established in the statesDirection election could create conflictsDirection election would be a costly affairAn elected governor could be a non-neutral personThe system of presidential nomination enables the centre to maintain its control over the statesKeeping in mind, the above mentioned reasons, the appointment form of appointing the governor was taken (This model is followed in Canada)Conditions of the governor’s officeHe should not be member of either house of Parliament or a house of the state legislature. If any such person is elected as governor, he is deemed to have vacated his seat in that house on the date which he enters upon his officeHe should not hold an office of profitHe is entitled, without payment of rent, to the use of his official residenceHe is entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by ParliamentHis emoluments and allowances cannot be diminished during his term of officeIf he is appointed as the governor of two or more states, his salary and allowances payable to him are shared by the states in such proportion as determined by the presidentTerm of governor’s officeHe holds the office for a term of five yearsHowever, his term is subjected to the pleasure of the PresidentThe constitution has not laid down any grounds for the removal of the governor by presidentA governor can also hold office beyond his term until his successor assumes charge

PRELIMS

FOREIGNERS TRIBUNAL

The Assam government asked the Border wing of the State’s police not to forward cases of non-Muslims who entered India illegally before 2014 to the Foreigners Tribunals (FTs).
This was in keeping with the Citizenship (Amendment) Act of 2019 that provides a citizenship application window for non-Muslims — Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, Jains, and Buddhists — who allegedly fled persecution in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.

The FTs are quasi-judicial bodies formed through the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order of 1964 under Section 3 of the Foreigners’ Act of 1946, to let local authorities in a State refer a person suspected to be a foreigner to tribunals.
An FT has the powers of a civil court in certain matters such as summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him or her on oath and requiring the production of any document.

UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

Recently, the chairperson of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), has resigned, citing ‘personal reasons’ for stepping down from his position.

About the Public Service Commissions in India According to the Article-315 of the Constitution, there shall be a Public Service Commission for the Union and for each State.

Joint State Public Service Commission: Parliament may by law provide for the appointment of a Joint State Public Service Commission to serve the needs of those States.
Two or more States may agree that there shall be one Public Service Commission for that group of States, and if a resolution to that effect is passed by the House or, where there are two Houses, by each House of the Legislature of each of those States.
The Public Service Commission for the Union, if requested to do so by the Governor of a State, may, with the approval of the President, agree to serve all or any of the needs of the State.

Appointment and Term of Office (Article-316)

The Chairman and other members of a Public Service Commission shall be appointed, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, by the President, and in the case of a State Commission, by the Governor of the State.
A member shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains, in the case of the Union Commission, the age of sixty-five years, and in the case of a State Commission or a Joint Commission, the age of sixty-two years, whichever is earlier.
A person who holds office as a member of a Public Service Commission shall, on the expiration of his term of office, be ineligible for reappointment to that office.

Removal and Suspension (Article-317)

The Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of misbehaviour after the Supreme Court, on inquiry held in accordance with the procedure prescribed in that behalf under Article 145.
The President may by order remove from office the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission if the Chairman or such other member, as the case may be:
- is adjudged an insolvent; or
- engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office; or
- is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body.
Members of the UPSC can submit their resignation directly to the President of India at any time.

Functions of PSCs (Article 320)

Conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union.
- Each state has its own SPSC, which performs similar functions but at the state level.
PSCs advise the government on matters related to personnel management, promotions, and disciplinary actions.
Direct recruitment by selection through interviews.
Appointment of officers on promotion / deputation / absorption.
Framing and amendment of Recruitment Rules for various services and posts under the Government.
Disciplinary cases relating to different Civil Services.

July 22 2024

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (IVC)

Syllabus : GS1/Ancient History

Why in the news : the new NCERT Class 6 Social Science textbook released on Friday incorporates many new elements with regards to the IVC

What is it about?

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, is one of the world’s oldest urban cultures, dating back to around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. It was a Bronze Age civilization that flourished in the northwestern regions of South Asia, primarily in present-day Pakistan and northwest India.
From referring to the Harappan civilisation as the ‘Sindhu-Sarasvati’ and ‘Indus-Sarasvati’ civilisation, to multiple mentions of the ‘Sarasvati’ river, including noting its desiccation as one of the reasons for the decline of the Harappan society, to a mention of India having had a “prime meridian of its own” called the ‘Ujjayini meridian’ — these are the major changes made in the newly released NCERT Class 6 Social Science Textbook.

What is the geographic spread of IVC and what are its Major Sites?

The IVC extended over a vast area, encompassing parts of modern-day Pakistan and India. Key archaeological sites include:
Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan): One of the first sites to be excavated, giving its name to the civilization.
Mohenjo-daro (Sindh, Pakistan): Known for its advanced urban planning and the Great Bath.
Dholavira (Gujarat, India): Notable for its unique water conservation system.
Lothal (Gujarat, India): An important port city with a dockyard.
Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India): One of the largest Harappan sites.

What are the key features of IVC?

Urban Planning and Architecture: The urban planning of IVC cities is a testament to their advanced engineering skills. Key features include:

Grid Layout: Cities were laid out in a grid pattern with streets intersecting at right angles.
Drainage System: An elaborate drainage system with covered drains and soak pits.
Granaries: Large storage structures for surplus grain.
Houses: Built with standardized burnt bricks, featuring multiple rooms and wells.

Economy and Trade: The Harappan economy was primarily agrarian, supplemented by trade and commerce. Key aspects include:

Agriculture: Wheat, barley, peas, and cotton were the main crops.
Trade: Extensive trade networks with Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq), Afghanistan, and other regions. Evidence of trade includes seals, beads, and pottery.
Craftsmanship: Skilled in metallurgy, bead-making, and pottery. The famous “Dancing Girl” bronze statue from Mohenjo-daro exemplifies their metallurgical prowess.

Script and Seals: The Harappan script remains undeciphered, but numerous seals and inscriptions have been found:

Seals: Made of steatite, featuring animal motifs and inscriptions. The “Pashupati Seal” depicting a seated figure surrounded by animals is notable.
Script: Consists of pictographic signs, yet to be fully understood.

Social and Political Organization: The social and political structure of the IVC is inferred from archaeological evidence:

Society: Likely egalitarian with no clear evidence of a ruling class or centralized monarchy.
Religion: Evidence of worship of mother goddess figures, animal worship, and possible proto-Shiva worship.

Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization: The decline of the IVC around 1900 BCE is attributed to several factors:

Climate Change: Shifts in the monsoon pattern leading to reduced rainfall and droughts.
River Changes: Changes in the course of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra rivers affecting agriculture and settlement patterns.
Invasion Theory: Earlier theories of Aryan invasions have been largely debunked in favor of environmental causes

MOIDAMS

Syllabus : GS1/Art & Culture

Why in the news : The 700-year-old mound-burial system of the Ahom dynasty, the Moidams from Assam, will be considered for nomination on the World Heritage List during the 46th session of the World Heritage Committee (WHC) in New Delhi. If it gets nominated, it will become the first cultural site on the prestigious list from the northeastern region.

What are Moidams?

The Moidams (also Maidams) are the mound-burial system of the Ahom dynasty (13th century-19th century).
The mound-burial system of the royals of the Ahom dynasty in Assam’s Charaideo district can be likened to the royal tombs of ancient China and the Pyramids of the Egyptians Pharaohs.
The Ahom rule lasted for about 600 years until the British annexed Assam in 1826.
Charaideo, more than 400 km east of Guwahati, was the first capital of the Ahom dynasty founded by Chao Lung Siu-Ka-Pha in 1253.
Previously, those of the deceased with their paraphernalia were buried.
However, after the 18th century, the Ahom rulers adopted the Hindu method of cremation, entombing the cremated bones and ashes in a Moidam at Charaideo.
The Moidams enshrine the mortal remains of Ahom royalty and are highly venerated.
Although subject to vandalism by treasure seekers in early 20th CE, the group of Moidams in Choraideo has been systematically restored to safeguard its structural integrity.

What is the significance of Moidams?

Moidams are vaulted chambers (chow-chali), often double stories entered through an arched passage.
On the top of the hemispherical mud-mound, layers of bricks and earth are laid, where the base of the mound is reinforced.
Excavation shows that each vaulted chamber has a centrally raised platform where the body was laid.
Several objects used by the deceased during his life, like royal insignia, objects made in wood or ivory or iron, gold pendants, ceramic ware, weapons were also buried.
The crematory rituals of the Royal Ahoms were conducted with grandeur, reflecting their hierarchy.
The Changrung Phukan (canonical text developed by the Ahoms) records the materials used to construct a Moidam.
There is a great variety in materials and systems of construction used in building a moidam.
From the period between 13th CE to 17th CE, wood was used as the primary material for construction whereas in the 18th CE onwards stone and burnt bricks of various sizes were used for the inner chambers.
Boulders of different sizes, broken stones, bricks, and broken brick were used to construct the superstructure, whereas large stone slabs were used for the sub-substructure.

TAI-AHOM KINGDOMThe Ahom kingdom (1228–1826) was a late medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley (present-day Assam). Established by Sukaphaa, a Tai prince from present-day Yunnan Province, China.The Ahom dynasty created a new state by overpowering the older political system of the bhuiyans (landlords).By the 16th century, the Ahom empire expanded their influence and built a large state.The Ahom empire followed a monarchical system of governance.The kingdom became weaker with the rise of the Moamoria rebellion, and subsequently fell to repeated Burmese invasions of Assam.With the defeat of the Burmese after the First Anglo-Burmese War and the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826, control of the kingdom passed into East India Company hands.

GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION

Syllabus : GS1/Society

Why in the news : The World Economic Forum (WEF) report of 2024 on global gender gaps ranked India at 129 out of 146 economies, with a decline in the education sector being one of the reasons for India’s poor rank.

What does the report say about the gender gap in education in India?

The report indicates that, despite high enrolment rates for women in primary, secondary, and tertiary education, progress has been sluggish.
The literacy gap between men and women remains substantial at 17.2 %.
Consequently, India ranks 124th in this indicator, scoring 0.964 in education, a decline from the score of 1.000 achieved in 2023.
In higher education, the AISHE report for 2021-22 indicates that the gross enrolment ratio (GER) for women is marginally higher than that for men, with women achieving a GER of 28.5 compared to 28.3 for men.
This marks a 32 per cent increase in female enrolment since 2014-15.
However women students make up only 42.5% of those enrolled in STEM subjects from undergraduate to Phd levels.
According to the Census data from 2011, adult literacy is a matter of concern, with only 64.63% of women who are literate, in comparison to 80.88% of men.

What are the reasons for gender gap in education?

Limited Access to Schools: Lack of schools within a reasonable distance from homes, especially in rural areas, discourages enrollment.
Early Marriage: High rates of early marriage limit girls’ opportunities to continue their education. Girls are expected to contribute to household chores and caregiving, reducing their time and opportunity for education.
Poverty: Economic hardships force families to prioritise immediate income over long-term educational benefits, pulling girls out of school to work.
Harassment and Violence: Concerns about the safety of girls travelling to and from school and in school itself deter parents from sending their daughters to school.

How can the gender gap be improved?

Building more schools: If a primary school exists within one or two kilometres of a child’s home, parents are more likely to enrol their children, especially girls.
In Gujarat, where the government built few secondary and higher secondary schools, leaving largely to the private sector, girls make up only 45.2% of students in secondary classes, far behind much poorer States like Jharkhand (50.7%), Chhattisgarh (51.2%), Bihar (50.1%) and even Uttar Pradesh (45.4%).
Presence of women teachers: Prioritise hiring female teachers, especially in primary schools, to make parents more comfortable sending their daughters to school.
Transport facilities: Free bus passes for school girls in States like Haryana, Punjab and Tamil Nadu, as well as schemes to give free cycles to girls in Bihar and other States have improved enrolment.
Sanitation facility: It remains a major obstacle for girls education in higher classes, especially after puberty, and may cause a large number of dropouts.
Though the Union and State governments have funded the construction of washrooms in schools, there is no funding for cleaning and maintenance, which is often left to lax local bodies.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVESNational Scheme of Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education: The scheme was launched in 2008, to give incentives to students enrolled in class IX. The scheme is now on the National Scholarship Portal (NSP).National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: It is a comprehensive reform in the education sector that aims to transform the Indian education system. It emphasizes holistic development along with bridging the gender gap in education.The Department of Science and Technology (DST) is implementing a dedicated scheme ‘Women in Science and Engineering-KIRAN (WISE-KIRAN)’to cater women of all walks of life in order to enhance their participation in the field of Science and Technology (S&T)with ultimate goal to bring gender parity.

PRELIMS

ROGUE WAVES

University of Maryland mathematicians have trained an artificial intelligence programme to distinguish wave patterns that preceded rogue waves, up to five minutes in advance.

Rogues are also called ‘extreme storm waves’
They are twice the size of surrounding waves and often occur unexpectedly.
Rogue waves are unusually large waves that pose significant threats to ships, coastal infrastructure, and human lives.
AI Development for Forecasting Rogue Waves:Historically, the lack of real-time forecasting for rogue waves has led to fatal accidents, including ship sinkings and human casualties.
- AI-based forecasting offers a promising solution to mitigate these risks and improve safety in maritime operations.
Future outlook : Incorporating additional data such as water depths, wind speeds, and buoy locations could further enhance accuracy.
- Continued research and refinement of AI models hold potential for better understanding and prediction of rogue waves in the future

NON_COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NDCs)

Recently a study examined self-reported morbidities in India by relying on the data from the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) in which non-communicable diseases gained a prominent share.
The self-reported morbidities were classified into four broad categories: infectious and communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, disability, and injury and other diseases.

NCDs also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors.
The main types of NCD are cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

The burden of non-communicable diseases has tripled in both men and women between 1995 and 2014 in India.
Kerala reported the highest rates followed by Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal and Punjab.
The north-eastern States have reported the lowest prevalence of non-communicable diseases.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 74% of all deaths globally.
Cardiovascular diseases account for most NCD deaths, or 17.9 millionpeople annually, followed by cancers (9.3 million), chronic respiratory diseases (4.1 million), and diabetes (2.0 million including kidney disease deaths caused by diabetes).

OBC QUOTA

The Union government’s method of determining the non-creamy layer status of OBC candidates came into attention in the wake of the row over trainee IAS officer Puja Khedkar.

The OBC quota was introduced in 1993 and a guiding charter was created to exclude OBC candidates whose families had accumulated certain social and economic privileges over the years, known as the creamy layer.
This would then allow reservation benefits only for those declared as ‘non-creamy layer’ based on several criteria, including a crucial income or wealth test.
Now, it has emerged that the Department of Personnel and Training has been applying two different income tests to different categories of OBC candidates.

The DoPT’s 1993 charter had declared some OBC families ineligible on the basis of their occupations.
Thus, children of people in constitutional posts, senior Central and State government employees, members of the armed forces, and property owners supposedly could not avail of the OBC quota for the civil services.
However, exceptions were carved out of these exclusions such as children of MPs and MLAs; government officials who have been promoted, not hired, into senior positions; and owners of unirrigated agricultural land, among others are all now eligible for OBC quotas, subject to a parental annual income limit of ₹8 lakh.

July 23, 24 2024

EXPERIMENT NOvA

Syllabus : GS3/Science & Tech

Why in the news : The study of neutrinos is an area of immense current interest among particle physicists and astrophysicists. NOvA is an experiment designed to determine the role of neutrinos in the evolution of the cosmos.

What are neutrinos?

Neutrinos belong to a group of fundamental particles called leptons in the Standard Model. They have no electric charge and very little mass (nearly massless).
They are the second-most abundant particles after photons (particles of light) and the most abundant among particles that make up matter.
They very rarely interact with matter and that is why they are called “ghost particles”. This means they can travel through vast distances, including entire planets, almost undetected.
There are three main types of neutrinos: Electron neutrino, Muon neutrino and Tau neutrino. These particles are produced when particles called leptons interact with matter.
For example, when a type of lepton called a muon interacts with matter, the interaction produces a muon-neutrino.
The same goes for electrons (electron-neutrino) and tauons (tau-neutrino).
Source of Neutrinos: Stars, Supernovae, Galaxies, Nuclear reactions.

What is the NOvA Experiment?

The NOvA (NuMI Off-axis νe Appearance) experiment is a prominent neutrino experiment designed to study neutrino oscillations and properties.
NOvA is specifically designed to observe the transformation of muon neutrinos into electron neutrinos as they travel over a long distance. To achieve this, the experiment utilises two detectors located in the US:
- Near Detector: Located at Fermilab, Illinois, this detector studies the neutrino beam before it undergoes significant oscillation.
- Far Detector: Situated in northern Minnesota, approximately 810 kilometres from the near detector, this detector observes the neutrino beam after it has travelled a long distance and potentially oscillated.

By comparing the neutrino composition at both detectors, scientists can measure the oscillation rate and gather valuable information about neutrino properties.

Timeline: The NOvA experiment began data collection in 2014 and is currently ongoing.

What questions does the experiment answer?

The NOvA experiment is designed to answer three fundamental questions in neutrino physics:

Can we observe the oscillation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos?

Neutrinos come in three varieties: muon neutrinos, electron neutrinos and tau neutrinos. Neutrinos can oscillate or change from one type to another, for example, oscillations of muon neutrinos to tau neutrinos. But scientists have not seen muon neutrinos oscillating into electron neutrinos.
So, the aim is to understand the unknown factors that govern neutrino oscillations that would significantly improve our understanding of how the universe is constituted.

What is the ordering of the neutrino masses?

Masses of neutrinos are about a million times lighter than the masses of other particles in the Standard Model of physics.
However, the masses of the different neutrino types and their mass hierarchy (which kind of neutrino is the lightest and which is the heaviest) is not yet known, as of now. Presently, it is believed that neutrinos get their masses through a different process than the other particles.
Knowledge of the mass hierarchyalso will help answer the question of whether neutrinos are their own antiparticles. Particles and antiparticles have opposite charges. Because neutrinos have no electric charge, it is possible that neutrinos and antineutrinos are fundamentally the same.

What is the symmetry between matter and antimatter?

Physicists theorise that the big bang created equal amounts of matter and antimatter. When corresponding particles of matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate one another. But presently we observe a matter-dominated universe (this is called Charge-Parity violation). So, it appears that at some point, matter and antimatter behaved differently from one another.
In order to advance the theory that neutrinos tipped the balance between matter and antimatter,neutrino physicists need to observe Charge-Parity violation in action.
- If the NOvA collaboration discovers that muon antineutrinos oscillate at a different rate than muon neutrinos, they will know the symmetry between the neutrinos and antineutrinos is broken. This could be a clue to why the universe has more matter than antimatter – the reason we exist.

PROJECT PARI

Syllabus : GS1/Art & Culture

Why in the news : The Ministry of Culture, Government of India, on the occasion of 46th Session of the World Heritage Committee Meeting, hosted by India for the first time, has initiated Project PARI (Public Art of India). The session of the World Heritage Committee is being held at the Bharat Mandapam International Exhibition and Convention Centre (IECC), New Delhi.

About the World Heritage Committee :

The logo of the 46th World Heritage Committee meeting is inspired by World Heritage Site of Hampi (Karnataka).
The stone chariot from the Vijaya Vittala Temple is a testament to India’s architectural grandeur and sculptural prowess.
The tagline of the logois “सह नौ यशः which means in English as May our Glory Grow”.
The tagline has been derived from the ancient Sanskrit scripture ‘Taittiriya Upanishad’which is the testament to our ancestor’s wish of growth to one and all.

It is a committee of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization that selects the sites to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger, defines the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance upon requests from States Parties.
It comprises representatives from 21 state parties, that are elected by the General Assembly of States Parties for a four-year term.
These parties vote on decisions and proposals related to the World Heritage Convention and World Heritage List.
The World Heritage Committee meets once a year for an ordinary session to discuss the management of existing World Heritage Sites, and accept nominations by countries.

About the Project Pari:

The Project PARI (Public Art of India) aims to stimulate dialogue, reflection, and inspiration, contributing to the dynamic cultural fabric of the nation.
It provides a platform to uplift the aesthetic and cultural outlook of Delhi while adding grandeur to the rich historical legacy of our national capital.
The representation of Art in public spaces is particularly significant as it showcases the nation’s rich and diverse cultural heritage.
The proposed sculptures being created for Project PARI include wide-ranging ideas such as paying tributes to nature, ideas inspired by the Natyashastra, Gandhi ji, toys of India, hospitality, ancient knowledge, Naad or Primeval Soun, Harmony of life, Kalpataru – the divine tree, etc.
Women artists have been an integral part of Project PARI and their participation in large numbers is a testimony of Bharat’s NARI SHAKTI.
This initiative is being executed by the Lalit Kala Akademi, an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture.

LALIT KALA AKADEMILalit Kala Akademi, an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture, has invited more than 150 visual artists from all over the country.The aim is to provide a platform to uplift the aesthetic and cultural outlook of Delhi while adding grandeur to the rich historical legacy of our national capital.Lalit Kala Akademi and National Gallery of Modern Art seek to bring forth public art that draws inspiration from millennia of artistic heritage (lok kala/lok sanskriti) while incorporating modern themes and techniques. These expressions underscore the intrinsic value that art holds in Indian society, serving as a testament to creativity and artistic expression.The proposed sculptures being created for Project PARI include wide-ranging ideas such as paying tributes to nature, ideas inspired by the Natyashastra, Gandhi ji, toys of India, hospitality, ancient knowledge, Kalpataru-the divine tree, etc.Furthermore, in sync with the proposed 46th World Heritage Committee Meeting, some of the artworks and sculptures draw inspiration from World Heritage Sites such as Bhimbetka and the 7 natural World Heritage Sites in India find a special place in the proposed artworks.

INSOLVENCY & BANKRUPTCY CODE (IBC) IN INDIA

Syllabus : GS3/Economy

Why in the news : The Finance Minister has proposed to set up an integrated technology platform to improve the outcomes under the Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code (IBC).

About :

The Union Minister also proposed the establishment of additional tribunals out of which, some will be notified to decide cases exclusively under the Companies Act.
It is also proposed that steps for reforming and strengthening debt recovery tribunalsbe taken and additional tribunals be established to speed up the recovery.

Insolvency :

In a growing economy like India, a healthy credit flow and generation of new capital are essential.
When a company or business turns insolvent or “sick”, it begins to default on its loans.
- In order for credit to not get stuck in the system or turn into bad loans, it is important that banks or creditors are able to recover as much as possible from the defaulter and as quickly as they can.
The business can either get a chance, if still viable, to start afresh with new owners, or its assets can be liquidated or sold off in a timely manner.
This way fresh credit can be pumped into the system and the value degeneration of assets can be minimised.

What is the need for IBC?

In 2016, India’s Non-Performing Assets and debt defaults were piling up, and older loan recovery mechanisms such as the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act (SARFAESI), Lok Adalats, and Debt Recovery Tribunals were seen to be performing badly, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) code was introduced.
- It was introduced to overhaul the corporate distress resolution regime in and consolidate previously available lawsto create a time-bound mechanism.
When insolvency is triggered under the IBC, there can be two outcomes: resolution or liquidation; all attempts are made to resolve the insolvency by either coming up with a restructuring or new ownership plan and if resolution attempts fail, the company’s assets are liquidated.

What are the features of the IBC?

Objective: The primary objective of the IBC is to promote entrepreneurship, availability of credit, and balance the interests of all stakeholders by providing for a time-bound process to resolve insolvency.
Applicability: The IBC applies to companies, limited liability partnerships (LLPs), partnership firms, and individuals. It provides a framework for both corporate and personal insolvency.
Modus Operandi: When a corporate debtor (CD), or a company defaults on its loan repayment, either the creditor or the debtor can apply for the initiation of a Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) under Section 6 of the IBC.
- The minimum amount of default is ₹1 crore.
- To apply for insolvency, one has to approach a stipulated adjudicating authority (AA) under the IBC— the various benches of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) across India are the designated AAs.
Insolvency Resolution Process (IRP): The IBC provides for a structured insolvency resolution process overseen by licensed insolvency professionals (IPs).
Adjudicating Authority: The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) is the adjudicating authority for corporate insolvency resolution processes (CIRP) for companies and LLPs.
- For individuals and partnership firms, the Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) handles the process.
Insolvency Professionals: IPs are licensed professionals who play a crucial role in managing the insolvency resolution process.
- They act as intermediaries between the debtor and creditors and manage the affairs of the debtor during the insolvency process.
Time-bound Process: The IBC mandates strict timelines for various processes involved in insolvency resolution to ensure timely resolution and prevent undue delays.
Liquidation: If a resolution plan is not approved or implemented within the specified time frame, the corporate debtor may be liquidated to distribute the proceeds to creditors.
Cross-border Insolvency: The IBC provides a framework for dealing with cross-border insolvency through cooperation and reciprocal arrangements with other countries.

What are the challenges associated with the IBC?

Operational Delays: The strict timelines prescribed by the IBC are often difficult to adhere to due to various reasons such as legal complexities, coordination among stakeholders, and judicial backlog.
Lack of Infrastructure: There has been a lack of adequate infrastructure, including sufficient number of insolvency professionals (IPs) and trained personnel, to handle the increasing number of insolvency cases effectively.
Haircuts and Creditor Recovery: The IBC aims to maximise the value of assets for creditors, but in practice, creditors often face significant haircuts (losses) during the resolution process.

What is the way forward?

In order to address the delays, the Parliamentary Standing Committee suggested that the NCLT should not take more than 30 days after filing, to admit the insolvency application and transfer control of the company to a resolution process.
Citing the more than 50% vacancy in the Tribunal compared to the sanctioned strength, it suggested recruitment in advance based on the projected number of cases.
The IBC has undergone amendments since its enactment to address practical challenges and issues that have emerged.
- However, continuous policy reforms and amendments are essential to adapt to evolving economic and legal landscapes.

July 25, 26 2024

QUAD

Syllabus : GS2/IR

Why in the news : The foreign ministers’ meeting of QUAD nations to be held comes at a time when the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is weakened and its reform nowhere in sight.

What are the current geostrategic realities?

Both the Ukraine war and Israel’s actions in Gaza demonstrate blatant disregard for international law.
An axis of Russia, China, North Korea, and Iran is gaining momentum and Chinese influence is growing not just in the Indo-Pacific, but regions like West Asia too.
The U.S. has realised that it needs not just allies, but also credible partners in its security architecture, including in the Indo-Pacific, and reached countries like India to partner with them in smaller pluri-lateral groupings and joint security initiatives.
Further, ASEAN countries are getting increasingly vulnerable, with the South China Sea remaining a conflict point.
While India is a member of many pluri-lateral groups on both sides of the geo-strategic ‘divide’, its engagement in Quad presents the country with interesting, and sometimes contrasting, dilemmas.
- India has enthusiastically embraced Quad and its strategic objectives.
- The fact that India, during its presidency of the UNSC in 2021, held a high-level virtual event on ‘Enhancing Maritime Security’, which was attended by the Russian President, among others, indicates the importance India attaches to strengthening maritime security in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.

What is the QUAD?

The occurrence of a Tsunami in the Indian Ocean led to India, Japan, Australia, and the US to build an informal alliance for collaborating on disaster relief efforts.
In 2007, Japan formalised it into the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue or the QUAD.
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD), the Quad is an informal strategic forum comprising, United States of America (USA), India, Australia and Japan.
One of the primary objectives of the Quad is to work for a free, open, prosperous and inclusive Indo-Pacific region.
The group met for the first time in 2007 on the sidelines of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
The Quad regained momentum in 2017, driven by shared concerns regarding the assertiveness of China in the Indo-Pacific region and a desire to uphold peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific.
It was in 2017 when the first official talks under the Quad took place in the Philippines.
Quad Summit in 2022 (Tokyo):
- The Quad summit witnessed the launch of a new initiative for continuous collaboration in the maritime domain, space, climate change, health, and cyber security.
- The member countries pledged to meet challenges for ensuring rules-based maritime order, including in the East and South China Seas.
- The members strongly opposed any coercive, provocative, or unilateral actions that seek to change the status quo.

What is the genesis and evolution of QUAD?

2007: The Quad was initially formed in 2007 during an informal meeting of leaders from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It was Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe who first proposed the idea of creating the Quad.
2012: The Japanese Prime Minister highlighted the concept of the ‘Democratic Security Diamond’ in Asia, which includes the US, Japan, India, and Australia.
2017: Once again confronted with the growing danger posed by China, the four nations revitalized the Quad by expanding its goals and devising a system that aimed to gradually establish an international order based on rules.
India, Japan, USA, and Australia held the first ‘Quad’ talks in Manila ahead of the ASEAN Summit 2017.
2020: The trilateral India-US-Japan Malabar naval exercises expanded to include Australia, marking the first official grouping of the Quad since its resurgence in 2017 and the first joint military exercises among the four countries in over a decade.
2021: The Quad leaders met virtually and later released a joint statement titled ‘The Spirit of the Quad’.

What is the significance of QUAD for India?

Strategic importance: It is a platform to discuss and address the common challenges faced by the Indo-Pacific region, such as the rise of China and its increasing assertiveness in the region through ‘String of pearls’ theory.
Economic significance: The member countries have launched several initiatives like the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor, the Blue Dot Network, and the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative to promote economic development in the region. India is mostly at the receiving end of investments by QUAD countries.
Maritime security: QUAD is useful for Indian maritime security by conducting joint naval exercises and coordinating on issues like freedom of navigation, piracy, and illegal fishing.
Regional stability: QUAD is significant for India in promoting regional stability in the Indo-Pacific region. It is based on the principles of a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific and aims to promote a rules-based international order.
Post-COVID diplomacy: Due to disruptions in the supply chain during the pandemic, Japan and the US want to shift their manufacturing companies out of China in order to curb their imperialistic behaviour, which could be capitalised on by India as well.

PROJECT CHEETAH

Syllabus : GS3/Environment and Ecology

Why in the news : While the Gandhi Sagar sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh is the preferred location for the next lot of imports, Banni in Gujarat is also getting readied to house some of the big cats to land in India.

What are the key facts about reintroduction in Banni grassland?

Considered a potential habitat for cheetahs for over a decade.
Basic infrastructure being set up in Banni to accommodate cheetahs.
Gujarat government preparing suitable enclosures for breeding and conservation.
Current prey species include chinkara and blackbuck, insufficient to sustain cheetah population.
Plans to introduce chital to support cheetahs in Banni’s ecosystem.

Comparison with Other Locations
- Gandhi Sagar sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh preferred for next cheetah imports.
- Banni offers more space than Kuno and Gandhi Sagar but faces prey availability challenges.
Long-Term Viability
- Absence of leopards in Banni considered advantageous for sustaining cheetah population.
- Long-term plan includes gradual increase in cheetah population with adequate prey availability.
Current Status
- 13 adult cheetahs and 13 cubs currently housed in Kuno reserve.
- All cheetahs expected to be released into the wild by October.
Challenges and Considerations
- Previous challenges include infections and acclimatization issues leading to fatalities.
- Continuous monitoring and management crucial for successful reintroduction and breeding.

About the Banni Grassland Reserve:

Location and Area
- Located on the outer southern edge of the Rann of Kutch in Kutch District, Gujarat, India.
- Formed from sediment deposits by the Indus and other rivers over millennia.
Protected Status and Management
- Declared a protected forest in May 1955 under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.
- Currently managed by Gujarat State’s Forest department.
- Recent proposals for a special management plan to restore and conserve the ecosystem.
Vegetation
- Sparse vegetation dependent on annual variations in rainfall.
- Dominated by low-growing forbs, graminoids, and halophiles (salt-tolerant plants).
- Tree cover includes Salvadora spp. and invasive Prosopis juliflora.
Wildlife
- Diverse mammalian species such as nilgai, chinkara, blackbuck, wild boar, golden jackal, Indian hare, Indian wolf, caracal, Asiatic wildcat, and desert fox.
- Home to the increasing population of Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur).
- Rich avifauna with over 150 species of migratory and resident birds during good rainfall years.
Human Settlements and Tribes
- Inhabited by Sindhi-speaking Maldhari (cattle breeders) tribes including Halaypotra, Hingora, Hingorja, Jat, and Mutwa.
- Villages within the grasslands contribute to the cultural landscape.

About the Banni Grassland Reserve:

The sanctuary is spread across an area of 368.62 sq km, in the districts of Mandsaur (187.12 sq km) and Neemuch (181.5 sq km) in western MP.
It sits atop a flat rocky plateau, with the Chambal river cutting the sanctuary into two almost equal halves.
It has Savanna ecosystem (comprising open grasslands interspersed with dry deciduous trees and shrubs.) due to shallow top soil.
It has trees like Salai, Kardhai, Dhawda, Tendu, Palash etc.
It is part of World famous Chaturbhuj Nala rock shelters.
It is knowns for some rare wildlife species like Wild Dogs (Dholes), Chinkara, Leopard, Otter, Mugger crocodile.

BUDGET 2024 : INDIA’s HEALTHCARE SECTOR

Syllabus : GS2/Health

Why in the news : Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced significant measures in the Union Budget 2024 to bolster India’s healthcare sector.

About :

The Health Ministry’s budget allocation increased by 12.59% to Rs 90,658.63 crore.
The Department of Health and Family Welfare will receive a significant portion of this allocation, with Rs 87,656.90 crore dedicated to its initiatives.
The Department of Health Research will receive Rs 3,301.73 crore, ensuring continued support for medical research and development.

One of the key measures announced was the exemption of customs dutieson three additional cancer medications, a move designed to alleviate the financial burden on patients battling cancer.
- These three cancer medications: Trastuzumab Deruxtecan, Osimertinib, and Durvalumab, are commonly prescribed in India for breast cancer, lung cancer and bladder cancer.
Changes in Basic Customs Duty (BCD) on X-ray tubes and flat panel detectors.

About the Healthcare Sector of India:

Healthcare Sector: It comprises hospitals, medical devices, clinical trials, outsourcing, telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance and medical equipment.
India’s healthcare delivery system is categorised into two major components – public and private.
Public Sector: It comprises limited secondary and tertiary care institutions in key cities and focuses on providing basic healthcare facilities in the form of Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) in rural areas.
Private Sector: The private sector provides the majority of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary care institutions with a major concentration in metros, tier-I, and tier-II cities.

What is the structure of financing of Public Healthcare Sector in India?

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare broadly takes responsibility for formulating policy for public health.

It provides administrative and financial support to states to operate public health facilities and infrastructure, and to deal with specific health issues, such as maternal health and nutrition.
It also establishes and runs medical Institutes of National Importancesuch as AIIMS as well as establishments in union territories including Delhi.
The Ministry comprises: the Department of Health and Family Welfare, which is responsible for implementing public health schemes and regulating medical education, and
- The Department of Health Research which is responsible for conducting medical research.

What are the challenges associated with the Public Healthcare Sector in India?

This has resulted in inadequate health infrastructure including human resources, and slow improvement in key health indicators.
Limited Access to Healthcare Services: Low public spending hampers accessibility to healthcare services, particularly in rural and remote areas where infrastructure is already lacking.
This exacerbates health disparities between urban and rural populations and leads to many people being unable to afford or access essential medical services.
Neglected Preventive and Primary Care: A large portion of healthcare spending in India is directed towards tertiary care, neglecting preventive and primary healthcare services.
This results in missed opportunities for early detection and management of diseases, leading to higher treatment costs and poorer health outcomes in the long run.
Higher Disease Burden: Low public spending on healthcare contributes to a higher burden of preventable diseases such as communicable diseases, malnutrition, and maternal and child health issues.
Increased Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: The lack of public healthcare infrastructure has led people to use private health services more, and that has increased the financial burden on citizens.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR THE GROWTH OF HEALTHCARE SECTOR— National Digital Health Mission (NDHM): Launched in 2020, NDHM aims to create a digital health ecosystem, including health IDs for citizens and the establishment of a national digital health infrastructure.— Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY): AB-PMJAY, launched in 2018, is a national health protection scheme that provides financial protection to over 100 million families for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.— National Health Policy 2017: The National Health Policy outlines the government’s vision to achieve the highest possible level of health and well-being for all and emphasises preventive and promotive healthcare.— Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs): The government is working towards transforming primary health centres into HWCs to provide comprehensive primary healthcare services, including preventive and promotive care.— Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY): PMSSY aims to enhance tertiary care capacities and strengthen medical education in the country by setting up new AIIMS (All India Institutes of Medical Sciences) institutions and upgrading existing government medical colleges.— Research and Development Initiatives: The government has been encouraging research and development in healthcare, including support for the development of vaccines, drugs, and medical technologies— National Medical Commission (NMC) Act: The NMC Act, passed in 2019, aims to bring reforms in medical education and practice by replacing the Medical Council of India (MCI) and promoting transparency and accountability.— Jan Aushadhi Scheme: The Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) aims to provide quality generic medicines at affordable prices through Jan Aushadhi Kendras.

PRELIMS

KETAMINE PILL

Recently, researchers have found a new tablet that slowly releases the drug ketamine that can ease treatment-resistant depression in a clinical trial.

It is often associated with its recreational use as a ‘party drug’ that has emerged as an unexpected ally in the battle against depression.
Originally used as an anaesthetic, researchers discovered that ketamine had rapid antidepressant effects, often within hours.
It works by blocking a receptor for an excitatory neurotransmitter called glutamate.
- Glutamate, a neurotransmitter, plays a crucial role in neuronal communication.

Esketamine: It is a derivative of ketamine that is administered as a nasal spray called Spravato.
Injected Ketamine:Ketalar is a form of ketamine, can be prescribed off-label.
- Both esketamine and injected ketamine act as fast-acting lifelines for treatment-resistant depression.
Ketamine is typically administered intravenously (IV) or via intranasal spray. However, these routes come with side effects, including headache, nausea, drowsiness, and even dissociation from reality.

END OF INDEXATION BENEFIT ON PROPERTY SALE

The Finance Minister in Budget 2024 announced the removal of indexation on property sales.

The long-term capital gains (LTCG) tax on property and gold was reducedfrom 20 percent to 12.5 percent.
However the properties purchased before April 1, 2001, would continue to enjoy indexation.

Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money over time. Adjusting the purchase price for inflation reduces the taxable capital gain, which results in lower tax payments.
Without the indexation benefit, taxes are calculated based on the original purchase price without adjusting for inflation.
This could lead to a higher taxable capital gain despite the lower LTCG rate.
Essentially, while the tax rate is reduced, the taxable amount might be higher due to the absence of inflation adjustment, potentially resulting in increased taxes.

NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

The Union Finance Minister announced that twelve new industrial parks will be developed under the National Industrial Corridor Development programme in her Budget speech for 2024-25.

It is India’s infrastructure programme aiming to develop new industrial cities as “Smart Cities” and converging next generation technologies across infrastructure sectors.
The oldest such corridors are Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) and Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, which are India’s transportation backbone.
The Government of India, through National Industrial Corridor Development & Implementation Trust (NICDIT), provides funds as equity/debt for the development of infrastructure in the industrial regions under industrial corridors.
- The States are responsible for making available contiguous and encumbrance free land parcels.

July 27, 28, 29 2024

MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE

Syllabus : GS3/Economy

Why in the news : The committee constituted by the Government on minimum support price (MSP) to examine the feasibility of granting greater autonomy to the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), and to explore ways to make it more scientific, as well as to provide suggestions for offering a legal guarantee to MSP, held six meetings in the two years since July 2022.

What is Minimum Support Price?

It is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to ensure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices.
Announced by Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs at the beginning of the sowing season for 22 mandated crops and fair and remunerative price (FRP) for sugarcane based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
Price fixed by Government of India to protect the producer farmers against excessive fall in price during bumper production years. They are a guaranteed price for farmer’s produce from the Government

What commodities are included?

7 Cereals: Paddy, Wheat, Maize, Jowar (Sorghum),
Bajra (Pearl Millet), Barley and Ragi.
5 Pulses: Gram, Tur, Moong, Urad and Lentil
7 Oilseeds: Groundnut, Rapeseed/ Mustard, Soybean, Sesamum, Safflower, Niger seed.
3 Commercial Crops: Copra, Cotton, Raw Jute (Sugarcane covered under FRP)

What is the present status of MSP?

Promote crop diversification: Only three to four crops (mainly wheat, paddy and cotton and at times some pulses), were being procured at MSP while the remaining crops were being procured at much below the MSP. Hence, absence of any dependable or assured market mechanism of procurement-purchase for crops on the MSP in most parts of the country discourages efforts towards crop diversification.
Income security for farmers: Legalising MSP would guarantee farmers a minimum income, helping them cover costs and reduce financial distress that reduces the farmer suicides.
Stability in agriculture: A legal MSP can provide stability and predictability in agricultural income, encouraging farmers to invest more in agriculture.
Modernise agriculture: It aligns with the national interest by formalising and digitising commodity transactions, supporting the government’s goal to modernise agriculture..

What are the challenges associated with MSP?

Adverse impact on economy: Higher costs of procurement due to a statutory MSP will increase the food prices, leading to inflation in the economy. Higher prices of commodities would adversely affect exports of agricultural commodities.
Financing needs: According to some estimates, if the Government were to procure all the 23 crops at MSP, it would amount to half of the Government’s Budget.
Unsustainable food grain management policy: The Food subsidy bill has already become quite unsustainable at around Rs 2 lakh crores. The excess procurement of food grains by the FCI has led to surplus buffer stocks leading to higher storage costs and wastages. Legalisation of MSP would further worsen the scenario.
Administrative challenge: Lack of government machinery to procure all crops that are under the MSP system.
Violation of WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA): Legalisation of MSP would further violate the limit on the subsidies under AoA and it can be challenged by other countries. India’s quest for Permanent solution on public stockholding could be in jeopardy.
Promote inequality: Only 6 percent of farmers are able to benefit from the MSP. Similarly, most of the Rice and Wheat are sourced from states such as Punjab, Haryana, MP etc. Hence, legalisation of MSP could worsen socio-economic inequality and promote regional disparity.
Environmental cost: Encourage farmers to grow more rice and wheat leading to further environmental problems.
Adverse impact of Government’s intervention: In any free-market economy, the price of any goods and services produced in the country must be decided by market forces and not by the state. As highlighted by Eco Survey 2019-20, Government’s intervention, sometimes though well intended, often ends up adversely affecting the market. For example, the regulation of prices of drugs through the DPCO 2013, has led to an increase in the price of a regulated pharmaceutical drug vis-à-vis that of a similar drug whose price is not regulated.

What is the way forward?

Better marketing infrastructure: Improving agricultural marketing infrastructure, including e-NAM, to ensure better prices for farmers.
Insurance schemes: Strengthening crop insurance schemes to protect farmers against price volatility and natural calamities.
Progressively increase the number of crops eligible for MSP: To encourage crop diversification and lessen the dominance of rice and wheat. This will offer farmers more choices and promote the cultivation of crops that align with market demand.
Price deficiency payment schemes: Government compensates farmers for the difference between average prices in major mandis and the MSPs. (NITI Aayog).

CAPITAL GAINS TAX

Syllabus : GS2/Taxation, Governance

Why in the news : The Government in the Budget of 2024-25 has announced an increase in capital gains tax for both short-term and long-term transactions.

What are capital assets?

Land, building, house property, vehicles, patents, trademarks, leasehold rights, machinery, and jewellery are a few examples of capital assets.
The following do not come under the category of ‘capital asset’:
- Any stock, consumables or raw material, held for the purpose of business or profession.
- Personal goods such as clothes and furniture held for personal use
- Agricultural land in rural India
- 6.5% gold bonds (1977) or 7% gold bonds (1980) or National Defence gold bonds (1980) issued by the central government
- Special bearer bonds (1991)
- Gold deposit bonds issued under the gold deposit scheme (1999) or deposit certificates issued under the Gold Monetisation Scheme, 2015 and Gold Monetisation Scheme, 2019 notified by the Central Government.

What is Capital Gains Tax in India?

Any profit or gain that arises from the sale of a ‘capital asset’ is known as ‘income from capital gains’. Such capital gains are taxable in the year in which the transfer of the capital asset takes place. This is called capital gains tax.
There are two types of Capital Gains: short-term capital gains (STCG) and long-term capital gains (LTCG).

What are the changes made in the Budget 2024-25?

The limit on the exemption of LTCG on certain asset classes (transfer of equity shares or equity-oriented units or units of Business Trust) has increased from Rs.1 Lakh to Rs.1.25 lakh per year.
For classifying assets into long-term and short-term, there will only be two holding periods: 12 months and 24 months.
The holding period for all listed securities is 12 months.All listed securities with a holding period exceeding 12 months are considered Long-Term. The holding period for all other assets is 24 months.
The taxation of Short-Term Capital Gain (STCG) for listed equity shares, a unit of an equity-oriented fund, and a unit of a business trust has been increased from 15% to 20%.
The tax on long-term capital gains (LTCG) on other financial and non-financial assets is reduced from 20% to 12.5%. While on the other hand, the indexation benefit that was previously available on sale of long-term assets, has now been done away with.

ANTI-DEFECTION LAW

Syllabus : GS2/Polity & Governance

Why in the news : The Jharkhand Assembly Speaker’s Tribunal disqualified two legislators under the anti-defection law .

What are capital assets?

Background and Need: The defections of legislators during the 1960s and 70s from their parent parties created political instability in many States, bringing down elected governments.
Therefore, to ensure the stability of elected governments,The 52nd constitutional amendment introduced the ‘anti-defection’ law through the Tenth Schedule in 1985.
Provisions: It disqualifies a legislator if they voluntarily give up their party membership or violate the party whip on voting.
The law applies to both Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and state legislatures.
The Speaker or Chairman of the House decides on disqualification based on petitions filed by other members.
Exceptions: Defections are allowed if one-third of the members of a party decide to split and form a new party.
Legislators can switch parties without disqualification if their original party merges with another party.

What are its objectives?

Preventing Political Instability: By reducing the frequency of defections, the law has helped in creating more stable governments, allowing for smoother governance.
Ensuring Accountability: It holds legislators accountable for their commitment to the party that elected them, thereby reinforcing their responsibility towards the electorate.
Promoting Party Discipline: By discouraging defections, the law helps maintain internal discipline within political parties, ensuring cohesive functioning.

What are its criticisms and challenges?

Undermining Democratic Rights: There are concerns that the law may infringe on the rights of legislators to express their political views and join parties of their choice.
Curbing Dissent: Some argue that it stifles dissent within parties. Legislators may fear expressing their views openly due to the risk of disqualification.
Party Supremacy: The law prioritises party discipline over individual conscience. Critics say this undermines the role of legislators as representatives of their constituents.
Loopholes: The exceptions (such as splits and mergers) have been exploited. Some splits are orchestrated merely to bypass disqualification.

What is the Supreme Court’s judgement?

The Supreme Court clarified that the anti-defection law applies even if a faction splits from a political party and manages to cobble up a majority within the party itself.

This means that a group of legislators, whether in the majority or minority, cannot escape the provisions of the Tenth Schedule by claiming to belong to the same party.
The Speaker or Chairperson’s decision is final, it is subject to judicial review by the courts, ensuring that the process remains fair and just.

What is the way forward?

The Anti-Defection Law is a crucial legislative measure designed to maintain the stability of political parties and ensure the integrity of elected representatives in India.
it has been largely effective in achieving its goals, ongoing reforms and careful implementation are essential to address its limitations and ensure it continues to serve the democratic process effectively.
As India’s democracy evolves, continuous evaluation and refinement of this law remain essential.

PRELIMS

NISAR MISSION

The NISAR space mission, a groundbreaking collaboration between the space agencies of India and the United States, appears to be postponed until next year.

NISAR is an Earth-observation satellite that stands for (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar).
It is Jointly developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Indian Space Research Organisation under a partnership agreement signed in 2014.
It will be launched into a polar Sun-synchronous dawn-dusk orbit.
NISAR is the first satellite mission to collect radar data in two microwave bandwidth regions, called the L-band and the S-band.
- The S-band payload has been made by the ISRO and the L-band payload by the U.S.

NISAR can measure tectonic plate movements accurately. So a lot of geological, agricultural and water-related observations can be obtained from this satellite.
It can study the water-stressing, climate change-related issues, agricultural changes through patterns, yield, desertification and continental movements precisely with respect to annual water cycle movements.
NISAR’s data can help people worldwide better manage natural resources and hazards, as well as providing information for scientists to better understand the effects and pace of climate change.

COAL GASIFICATION

Recently, India has set a target to gasify 100 million tonnes of coal by 2030.

It is a thermo-chemical process that converts coal primarily into carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Coal is partially oxidised by air, oxygen, steam, or carbon dioxide under controlled conditions to produce a liquid fuel, known as syngas or synthesis gas, dimethyl ether, ammonium nitrate and methanol, among others.
Synthetic natural gas can be used as a substitute for LPG and for electricity generation, while dimethyl ether is an alternative to be used in diesel engines. Ammonium Nitrate can be used for explosives.
Coal gasification offers an opportunity to reduce reliance on imports and conserve foreign exchange, especially in the oil, gas, fertiliser, and petrochemical sectors in India, as it is importing approximately 83% of its oil, over 90% of its methanol, and 13-15% of its ammonia

ASIAN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CENTRE (ADPC)

Recently, In a significant development, India has taken over as the Chair of the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) for the period 2024-25, marking India’s commitment to disaster risk reduction and climate resiliencein the Asia-Pacific region.

It is an autonomous international organisation dedicated to cooperation in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and the enhancement of climate resilience across Asia and the Pacific.
ADPC’s founding members include India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
- These countries collaborate to strengthen disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts across the region.
ADPC’s mission revolves around building robust systems, institutional mechanisms, and capacities to withstand various hazards—ranging from floods and landslides to earthquakes and cyclones.

As China’s tenure came to an end, India stepped up to lead ADPC. It reflects India’s proactive stance in disaster risk reduction.
Notably, India championed the establishment of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), emphasising the importance of resilient infrastructure in mitigating the impact of disasters.

July 30 2024

BRICS

Syllabus : GS2/International Relations

Why in the news : Recently, the Commerce Secretary of India has attended the 14th BRICS Trade Ministers’ Meeting held under the BRICS Presidency of the Russian Federation. Theme for this year’s BRICS engagement titled as ‘Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development’.

About BRICS :

BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) is an important grouping bringing together the major emerging economies of the world. It comprises of (According to World Bank data of 2019):
- 41% of the world population,
- having 24% of the world GDP and
- over 16% share in the world trade
BRICS countries have been the main engines of global economic growth over the years. Over some time, BRICS countries have come together to deliberate on important issues under the three pillars of political and security, economic and financial, and cultural and people-to-people.
The acronym BRICS was initially formulated in 2001 by economist Jim O’Neill, of Goldman Sachs, in a report on growth prospects for the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China which together represented a significant share of the world’s production and population.

Evolution of BRICS Summit :

The grouping was first informally formed during a meeting of the leaders of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries on the sidelines of the G8 Outreach Summit in St.Petersburg, Russia, in 2006. Later that year, it was formalised during the 1st BRIC Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in New York.

2009: The first BRIC (BRICS minus South Africa) summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia.
2010: South Africa was accepted as a full member, and the group became BRICS.
2011: South Africa attended its first BRICS summit in China.
2014: The Fortaleza Declaration was adopted at the 6th BRICS Summit, and it marked the establishment of the New Development Bank (NDB).
2015: The Ufa Declaration of BRICS was adopted at the 7th BRICS Summit held in Ufa, Russia. It covers a range of topics, including global governance, international security, and economic cooperation.
2021: The 13th BRICS Summit was held under India’s Chairship (virtual summit). It was the third time that India hosted the BRICS Summit after 2012 and 2016.
2022: The Beijing Declaration was adopted at the 14th BRICS Summit, where it was declared that the BRICS countries support talks between Russia and Ukraine.
- Also, cooperation in the fight against COVID-19, digital transformation, resilience and stability of industrial and supply chains, and low-carbon development.

How does the BRICS expansion take place?

Incentives for official participation in BRICS have increased in 2023. Although “BRICS Plus” was created in 2017 and invited non-BRICS officials, over the last two years, China has supported the concept of expanding cooperation within the ‘BRICS Plus.’ Model.
Moscow has also mentioned the potential expansion of BRICS members from 5 to 17 nations. About 40 additional countries are believed to have expressed interest in joining and include heavy hitters such as Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Turkiye, and the UAE.
In the meantime, in addition to reviewing the collective decision of the organisation and having the necessary conditions and procedures for the process of accepting new members, the structure of BRICS and the process of accepting new countries may change with the joining of more countries.

What is the significance of BRICS?

Economic Cooperation: BRICS facilitates economic collaboration through initiatives such as the New Development Bank (NDB), aimed at funding infrastructure projects in member countries.
- Economic collaboration within BRICS facilitates trade diversification, technology transfer, and infrastructure development, which are crucial for India’s economic growth and development aspirations.
Global Governance Reform: India uses BRICS as a platform to advocate for reforms in international financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank, aiming to increase the voice and representation of emerging economies in global economic governance.
Cultural and Academic Exchange: BRICS fosters cultural and academic exchanges, promoting people-to-people ties and enhancing mutual understanding among member countries.

About the New Development Bank (NDB) :

NDB is a multilateral development bank established by BRICS with the purpose of mobilising resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs).
The Agreement was signed during the BRICS Summit held in Fortaleza in 2014, and the Bank started operations in 2015.
Headquarters: Shanghai, China, with regional offices in South Africa and Brazil.
Apart from the founding members, Bangladesh and United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Uruguay are the new members. The membership is open to members of the United Nations.
The voting power of each member shall equal its subscribed shares in the capital.
However, the share of the BRICS nations can never be less than 55% of the voting power. Also, none of the countries will have veto power.
NDB has so far committed $32.8 billion to 96 infrastructure and sustainable development projects.

About the BRICS Payment System :

The BRICS nations are working towards establishing a payment system that can serve as a substitute for the SWIFT payment system.
It is considered an alternative to the dollar-dominated payment system to reduce the dependence on the dollar-based system.

India and BRICS :

India is an important member of the BRICS group, and its participation in the organisation has been beneficial in many ways. Some of the key reasons why BRICS is important for India are:

Strategic cooperation: BRICS offers India a key platform for global engagement on security, terrorism, climate, and trade.
Economic benefits: As a BRICS member, India gains access to a large market of 3+ billion people, offering vast business opportunities. NDB funding supports India’s development projects.

Reform of multilateral institutions: As a member of BRICS, India has been able to work with other member countries to promote a more inclusive and equitable global order by promoting multilateral reforms.
South-south cooperation: India, as a leading member of BRICS, has been able to use the platform to promote south-south cooperation in areas such as trade, investment, and technology transfer.
Pillar of the New World Order: In the fifteenth BRICS Summit, after its expansion, the leaders called BRICS the pillar of the New World Order.
Dilemma: However, the challenge before India is to choose between a China-centric or a West-centric world order or balance the two.

ETHANOL PRODUCTION

Syllabus : GS3/Economy

Why in the news : Cereal Grains have overtaken sugarcane as the primary feedstock for the production of ethanol used in blending with petrol.

About :

In the current supply year 2023- 2024, sugar mills and distilleries supplied 401 crore liters of ethanol to oil marketing companies.
Of that, 211 crore litres or 52.7% was ethanol produced using maize and damaged foodgrains (mainly broken/ old rice not fit for human consumption), while sugarcane-based feedstocks (molasses and whole juice/ syrup) accounted for the remaining 190 crore liters.
This is the first time that the contribution of grains to India’s ethanol production has surpassed 50%.

What is Ethanol?

Ethanol is 99.9% pure alcohol that can be blended with petrol.
Alcohol production involves fermentation of sugar using yeast. In cane juice or molasses, sugar is present in the form of sucrose that is broken down into glucose and fructose.
Also grains contain starch, a carbohydrate that has to first be extracted and converted into sucrose and simpler sugars, before their further fermentation, distillation and dehydration to ethanol.

What Ethanol Blending?

The ‘National Policy on Biofuels’ notified by the government in 2018 envisaged an indicative target of 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2030.
- In 2014 only 1.5% ethanol was blended in petrol in India.
Given the encouraging performance and various interventions made by the government since 2014, the 20% target was advanced to 2025-26.

What is the significance of Maize being promoted to produce Ethanol?

Till 2017-18, ethanol was being produced only from molasses, the dense dark brown liquid byproduct containing sucrose that mills cannot economically recover and crystallise into sugar.
However Sugarcane is a water-guzzling crop. A NITI Aayog report says that just one litre of ethanol produced from sugarcane consumes at least 2,860 litres of water.
India will require 1320 million tons of sugarcane, 19 million hectares of additional land and 348 billion cubic metres of extra water to produce enough ethanol to meet the 20% ethanol blending target of 2025.
Further the Food Corporation of India’s (FCI) has restricted the use of rice on concerns over cereal inflation and hence maize has emerged as the top ethanol feedstock.

PROJECT TIGER

Syllabus : GS3/Environment

Why in the news : Project Tiger is expected to displace at least 550,000 Scheduled Tribes and other forest dwellers.

About Project Tiger :

India has achieved significant progress in protecting its national animal, the Bengal tiger, through initiatives such as Project Tiger, which was initiated in 1973 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme across nine reserves in various states (Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal).
The project focuses on selecting and preserving areas that are specifically managed to conserve the tiger population and their associated ecosystems. Project Tiger has placed the endangered wild tigers of India on a secure path to recovery and has successfully completed 50 years of implementation.
Over the past five decades, India’s Project Tiger has made remarkable advancements in tiger conservation.

What is the impact on the Tribes?

Displacement:the establishment of tiger reserves often leads to the displacement of local communities.
- Since 2021, displacement has significantly increased, with an average of 48,333 people displaced from each reserve, a 967% rise compared to pre-2021 figures.
Loss of Livelihood: When tribal communities are uprooted from their ancestral lands, they lose their livelihoods.
- Traditional practices like hunting, fishing, and gathering food become impossible.
- Victims face severe human rights abuses including extra-judicial killings, enforced disappearances, torture, and other forms of violence.
Cultural Disruption: Displacement disrupts cultural practices, access to sacred sites, and burial grounds. Indigenous knowledge about forests and wildlife is also lost.
Lack of Consent: the lack of free, prior, and informed consent from affected communities before designating areas as tiger reserves.
- Consent is only sought after displacement, not before.

What should be done?

Policies should prioritise coexistence rather than displacement. Involving local communities in conservation efforts can lead to better outcomes.
Seek consent from affected communities before designating an area as a tiger reserve.
Provide alternative livelihood options to displaced families.
Striking a balance between tiger protection and human well-being is crucial.
India’s tiger conservation policy must evolve to protect both tigers and the people who share their habitat.
By addressing displacement, respecting indigenous rights, and fostering community participation, we can achieve a harmonious coexistence between humans and wildlife.
- For example ,In Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve (Karnataka),The Soliga tribal people successfully coexist with tigers, with the tiger population increasing significantly from 35 to 68 between 2010 and 2014.

PRELIMS

OROPOUCHE FEVER

Recently, Brazil has reported the first-ever deaths from Oropouche Fever, a mosquito-borne disease with symptoms similar to dengue.

It is caused by the Oropouche virus, which belongs to the Orthobunyavirus genus. It was first detected in Trinidad and Tobago back in 1955.
Transmission: The Oropouche virus primarily spreads through the bite of a tiny insect called the Culicoides Paraensis Midge.
- These minuscule midges are stealthy and efficient carriers of this virus.
- However, there’s no evidence of human-to-human transmission.
Symptoms: Symptoms are eerily similar to dengue—think fever, chills, muscle pain, and joint discomfort.

INTERNSHIP PROGRAM IN THE BUDGET 2024

The industries and the academia are waiting for the details of the internship programme announced in the Union Budget by the Finance Ministerrecently.

The details of the internship programme are not yet out.
The Budget announcement says that the government will bear a large part of the cost and companies will have to fund 10% from their corporate social responsibility (CSR) fund.
It will make it very easy for the companies. Internships and apprenticeships are strategic tools of up-levelling skills and building the right talent for the company.

STURGEON

The WWF report documented 395 cases of illegal sturgeon fishing and trade affecting 1,031 sturgeon individuals from 2016 to 2023.
Sturgeons are the most endangered species group on earth.
These gentle giants have been around since the age of the dinosaurs.
They usually live in freshwater, coastal waters and inner seas throughout Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China, Iran , Kazakhstan, Romania, Russia, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Ukraine, other European countries and North America.
Importance :They award a cultural, economic and natural value to many rivers of the Northern hemisphere and have become symbols for healthy and free flowing river systems.
Global Exploitation: They are heavily exploited for caviar and meat, leading to global population declines.
Status: Stellate sturgeon, Russian sturgeon, and beluga sturgeon are Critically Endangered.
- Sterlet sturgeon is listed as Endangered.

July 31 2024

LEGAL AVISORY COUNCIL

Syllabus : GS2/Polity and Governance

Why in the news : In recent years, there has been growing discussion about establishing a Legal Advisory Council.

What is a Legal Advisory Council?

It will be akin to the Economic Advisory Council (EAC) but specifically focused on legal matters.
It will provide continuous and informed legal inputs
It would help in clarifying legislative intent and anticipating legal challenges.
Composition : It could comprise legal luminaries, eminent jurists, prominent academicians, and researchers with specialisations in varied fields which are frequently legislated upon by governments such as criminal law, trade law, international law, business laws, and taxation laws.

What are the functions of the Legal Advisory Council?

Legal Advice to Government Departments:
- The council provides legal opinions and advice to various government departments and ministries on a wide range of legal issues, ensuring that their actions and policies comply with existing laws.
Interpretation of Laws:
- It interprets statutes, constitutional provisions, and regulations, helping government entities understand and implement legal requirements accurately.
Drafting of Legislation:
- The council assists in drafting bills, amendments, rules, and regulations. This includes ensuring that new laws are clear, coherent, and legally sound.
Review of Existing Legislation:
- It reviews existing laws to identify any inconsistencies or outdated provisions, recommending amendments or repeals as necessary.
Representation in Courts:
- The council may represent the government in legal proceedings before various courts and tribunals, ensuring that the government’s legal interests are effectively presented and defended.
Coordination with Legal Departments:
- It coordinates with the Law Ministry and other legal departments to strategize and manage significant litigation involving the government.
Legal Input in Policy Making:
- The council provides legal perspectives during the formulation of policies, ensuring that proposed policies comply with the law and are implementable.
Evaluation of Policy Impact:
- It evaluates the legal implications of policy decisions and their potential impact on existing legal frameworks.
Ensuring Compliance with Laws:
- The council advises government bodies on compliance with various laws and regulations, helping to mitigate legal risks and prevent potential legal challenges.
Monitoring Legal Developments:
- It keeps track of new legal developments, including court rulings and legislative changes, informing relevant government departments about their implications.
Proposing Legal Reforms:
- The council suggests legal reforms to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the legal system, ensuring it adapts to changing societal needs.
Engagement with Stakeholders:
- It engages with various stakeholders, including the judiciary, legal professionals, and civil society, to gather input and build consensus on proposed legal reforms.
Legal Training Programs:
- The council organises training programs for government officials and legal professionals to enhance their understanding of legal principles and practices.
Capacity Building:
- It works on capacity-building initiatives to strengthen the legal framework within government departments and agencies.

The Law Commission of India is a non-statutory body constituted by the Government of India from time to time.It was originally constituted in 1955 and is reconstituted every three yearsCriticism: The LCI’s recommendations are only partially implemented.It has produced a limited number of reports despite the pressing nature of legal issues.

STATE OF THE WORLD’s MANGROVES, 2024 REPORT

Syllabus : GS3/Environment

Why in the news : The Global Mangrove Alliance (GMA) has released a report titled ‘The State of the World’s Mangroves, 2024’ on World Mangrove Day (26 July).

What are the key highlight of the Report?

Distribution : Southeast Asia represents 33.6 percent of the global mangrove cover, with Indonesia alone holding 21 percent of the world’s mangroves.
Areas Under Threat : Mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia, northeast Brazil, and northwest Mexico are undergoing significant declines. Additionally, mangroves in the Lakshadweep archipelago and along the coast of Tamil Nadu are critically endangered.
Reasons for Loss : The conversion of mangrove areas into aquaculture, oil palm plantations, and rice cultivation has accounted for 43 percent of mangrove losses between 2000 and 2020. Specifically, shrimp farms, often built within crucial intertidal zones, have led to the complete removal of mangroves in these areas.

What are Mangroves?

A mangrove is a small tree or shrub that grows along coastlines, taking root in salty sediments, often underwater.
Mangroves are flowering trees, belonging to the families Rhizophoraceae, Acanthaceae, Lythraceae, Combretaceae, and Arecaceae.
Features:
- Saline Environment: A speciality of mangroves is that they can survive under extreme hostile environments such as high salt and low oxygen conditions.
  - The roots filter out 90% of the salt they come into contact with within the saline and brackish water.
- Low oxygen: Underground tissue of any plant needs oxygen for respiration. The mangrove root system absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere.
- Store Freshwater: Mangroves, like desert plants, store fresh water in thick succulent leaves.
- Mangroves are viviparous: Their seeds germinate while still attached to the parent tree. Once germinated, the seedling grows into a propagule.
The Sundarbans in West Bengal are the largest mangrove region in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The second largest mangrove forest in India is Bhitarkanika (Ramsar site) in Odisha created by the two river deltas of Rivers Brahmani and Baitarani.

What are the steps taken for mangroves conservation?

Indian Initiatives:

Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) Programme:
- This program focuses on protecting and revitalizing mangrove ecosystems along the Indian coastline while also aiming to improve the socio-economic conditions of coastal communities.
Conservation and Management of Mangroves and Coral Reefs:
- Implemented through the Central Sector Scheme under the National Coastal Mission Programme by the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, this initiative promotes the conservation and management of mangroves and coral reefs.

Global Initiatives:

Global Mangrove Alliance (GMA):
- A collaborative effort involving over 30 organisations, including the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the GMA aims to increase the global mangrove habitat by 20% by 2030.
Mangrove Alliance for Climate (MAC):
- Led by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Indonesia, with India as a member, this initiative aims to educate and raise awareness globally about the role of mangroves in mitigating global warming and their potential as a climate change solution.

WAYANAD LANDSLIDES

Syllabus : GS3/Disaster Management

Why in the news : Ecologist Madhav Gadgil, has termed the disaster in Wayanad a man-made tragedy, attributing it to the Kerala government’s failure to implement crucial ecological recommendations.

About :

Massive landslides in Mundakkai, Chooralmala, Attamala, and Noolpuzha in Wayanad district buried extensive areas under debris, resulting in the deaths of at least 84 people and causing numerous injuries.
Madhav Gadgil, the chairman of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), emphasised that the panel’s report had categorised the region into three levels of ecological sensitivity, with the disaster-affected areas identified as highly sensitive.
However, two years later, the Kasturirangan report had moderated these recommendations

What is Landslide?

Landslides are a geological phenomenon that involves the sudden and rapid movement of a mass of rock, soil, or debris down a slope under the influence of gravity.
Landslides, usually, occur in areas having characteristics like Steep terrain such as hilly or mountainous areas, Presence of joints and fissures or areas where surface runoff is directed or land is heavily saturated with water.

What are the causes of Landslide?

Natural Causes:
- Heavy Rainfall: Heavy rainfall is one of the most common triggers of landslides. It increases pore water pressure as well as the weight of soil by making it saturated.
- Erosion: Clay and vegetation present within the soil or rock act as cohesive elements and help bind particles together. By removing these cohesive elements, erosion makes an area more prone to landslides.
- Earthquakes: Intense ground shaking due to earthquakes causes instability in rocks and soils, thus triggering landslides.
- Volcanic Eruptions: Ash and debris deposited by volcanic eruptions overload slopes while the accompanied seismic activity causes instability.
Anthropogenic Causes
- Deforestation: By holding soils as well as obstructing the flow of falling debris, vegetation cover plays an important role in preventing landslides in any area. Deforestation takes away this preventive cover and increases vulnerability to landslides.
- Encroachment in Vulnerable Terrains: Of late, humans have been encroaching in landslide-prone areas such as hilly terrains. This has led to increased construction activities in these areas and increased chances of landslides.
- Uncontrolled Excavation: Unauthorized or poorly planned excavation activities, such as mining, quarrying, etc destabilize slopes and increase the chances of landslides.
- Climate Change: Climate change caused by various anthropogenic activities has led to abrupt alterations in precipitation patterns and increased frequency of extreme weather events.

Why is Kerala prone to Landslides?

Kerala is susceptible to heavy rains and flooding, with approximately 14.5 percent of its land area considered vulnerable.
The Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA) has designated 1,848 square kilometers, or 4.75 percent of the state’s total area, as High Landslide Hazard Zones.
The state is also situated in seismic zone III, indicating a Moderate Damage Risk Zone (MSK VII).

Why is Kerala prone to Landslides?

Ecologically Sensitive Zones:The report recommended classifying 64 percent of the Western Ghats into Ecologically Sensitive Zones called ESZ 1, ESZ 2 and ESZ 3.
- It also recommended designating the entire region as an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA).
Almost all developmental activities like mining, construction of thermal power plants, and dams were to stop along with the decommissioning of similar projects that have completed their shelf life in ESZ 1.
Bottom-to-top approach in governance of the environment, indicating decentralisation and more powers to local authorities.
Western Ghats Ecology Authority: Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, a professional body to manage the ecology of the region and to ensure its sustainable development was recommended by the committee.
Ban on growing single commercial crops: Crops like tea, coffee, cardamom, rubber, banana and pineapple, which have led to “fragmentation of forest, soil erosion, degradation of river ecosystems and toxic contamination of the environment” should be curtailed.
Community participation:The panel had urged the Ministry of Environment and Forests to take critical steps to involve citizens, including proactive and sympathetic implementation of the provisions of the Community Forest Resources of the Forest Rights Act.

The Disaster Management Act, of 2005 provides a comprehensive legal and institutional framework for the management of various disasters including landslides.The National Landslide Risk Management Strategy (2019) covers all aspects of landslide disaster risk reduction and management, such as hazard mapping, monitoring, and early warning systems.The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has issued Guidelines on Landslide Hazard Management (2009) that outline the steps that should be taken to reduce the risk of landslides.The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has been providing capacity building and other support to various national and state-level disaster management authorities.Early Warning system: Efforts have been made towards better prediction of weather. E.g. Ensemble Prediction System. This will help predict disasters like landslides.

PRELIMS

CHARLES DARWIN’s FROG

As per the researchers, the Charles Darwin’s frog is displaying a curious mating, as well as egg-laying behaviour, which is concerning in the context of climate change.

They are named after Darwin, but Darwin did not study or describe this species.
Scientifically known as Minervarya charlesdarwini, Charles Darwin’s frogs are endemic to the Andaman Islands.
Researchers found both male and female Charles Darwins adopting an inverted position on the walls of tree cavities, keeping their bodies completely above the water while mating as well as laying eggs.
Due to fragmented forest habitats, they now use artificial objects like plastic bags as breeding sites.
Listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation (IUCN) of Nature Red List.

LIQUIDITY COVERAGE RATIO (LCR)

Recently, the RBI proposed new norms that tighten the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR), a critical metric for banks.

It measures a bank’s ability to meet short-term liquidity needs during a crisis. It mandates that banks hold a certain percentage of High-quality Liquid Assets (HQLA) relative to their short-term liabilities.
In the fourth quarter of FY24, the LCR stood at 130%. However, the proposed changes would reduce this to a range of 113% to 116% once implemented, likely from April 1, 2025.
If successful, that could prevent the crisis from spreading and causing greater economic harm.

Credit Growth: The immediate effect of tighter LCR norms could be a short-term slowdown in credit growth.
- Banks may need to be more cautious in extending credit, given the need to maintain higher liquidity buffers.
- Borrowers might experience a slightly tighter lending environment.
Net Interest Margins (NIM): NIM, which represents the difference between interest earned on loans and interest paid on deposits, could also take a hit.
- Banks may face pressure to maintain profitability while complying with the new norms. Reduced lending opportunities and the need to hold more liquid assets could squeeze NIM.

Banks’ Resilience: Despite the initial challenges, the new norms are likely to enhance banks’ resilience. By ensuring a strong liquidity position, banks can weather financial storms more effectively.
Private Sector Banks: The impact is expected to be more pronounced for private sector banks. They might need to rethink their business strategies, possibly reducing reliance on wholesale funding and adjusting credit growth targets.
Deposit Mobilisation: Banks with lower LCR (around 120%) may need to attract additional deposits to bolster their HQLA. Alternatively, they could slow down credit expansion temporarily to manage liquidity.

Current Affairs July

Dharmachakra Mudra

Dhyan Mudra

Bhumisparsa Mudra

Varada Mudra

Karana Mudra

Vajra Mudra

Vitarka Mudra

Why the Need?

Benefits of the Platform

Transmission

Complications:

How far is the Earth from the Sun at aphelion?

What would happen if there were no aphelion?

Rani Gumpha ‘Cave of the Queen’:

Mancapuri and Swargapuri Gumpha:

Post-Independence:

Aftermath of Mandal Commission:

Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011:

About

Skill India Mission

Use for mosquito control

Indian Softshell Turtle

Reduces Wasted Votes:

Encourages Multi-Party Systems:

Higher Voter Turnout:

Coalition Governments:

Manufacturing and Export Potential

Infrastructure and Ecosystem

Investment and FDI

Skilled Workforce

Mugger

Gharial

The proposed Bhil Pradesh would encompass regions from multiple states with significant Bhil populations. These regions include parts of:

However, Article 3 lays down two conditions in this regard:

Can we observe the oscillation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos?

What is the ordering of the neutrino masses?

What is the symmetry between matter and antimatter?

Indian Initiatives:

Global Initiatives:

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